Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Overview
I. Schizophrenia & Function. II. Challenges III. Social Behaviour: S. Function, S. Cognition & S. Skills. IV. Assessment of Function, Why?
- Aim of healthcare - Health of the Nation - Modern NHS
Cognition1
Cognitive impairment and neuropsychological deficits have been shown to be linked to functional status.
Less is known about the cognitive and functional changes over time.
1. Matza, L.S., Buchanan, R., Purdon, S., Brewster-Jordan, J., Zhao, Y., Revicki, D.A. (2006). Measuring changes in functional status among patients with schizophrenia: The link with cognitive impairment [Electronic version]. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32(4), 666-678. 7
1. NIMH http://www.nimh.nih.gov/healthinformation/index.cfm 8
Affects Development
II. Challenges
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A few challenges
To understand more about social cognition & social functioning (SF) in Schizophrenia To have sound SF outcome measures. Adaptation & validation of outcome measures for use in atrisk & early psychosis populations.
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Social Functioning
A broad multidimensional construct. Implies the overall performance across everyday domains1 e.g. - independent living. - employment. - interpersonal relationship - recreation. Social functioning, community functioning & social competence can be used interchangeably.
1. Green MF (1996): What are the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in Schizophrenia? Am J Psychiatry,153(3),321330
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Social function
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Social Function
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Social behaviour
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Social Skills
cognitive, verbal & non-verbal behaviours necessary to engage in a positive interpersonal interactions
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Social Skills
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Why assess?
A. Aim of healthcare. B. Health of the nation strategy C. Modern NHS: - Foundation trusts. - Payment by results.
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1.Jenkinson C & McGee H: Patient assessed outcomes: Measuring Health Status & Quality of Life. In Assessment & Evaluation of Health & Medical Care, a methods text. Edited by Chris Jenkins (2002):6484.
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3 targets for improving mental health: 1. To improve health & social functioning (H&SF) of mentally ill people. 2. Suicide rates in general. 3. Suicide rates in related to mental illness
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Wing JK, Curtis RH & Beevor AS (1996): HoNOS: report on Research & Development, July 1993 Dec 1995, College Research Unit, Executive summary:1-8.
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Early Intervention
Assessment of function & its rate of change in FEP should be established1. Recovery from psychotic symptoms is common after FEP (75 90% achieving remission one year after treatment)2,3. However functional recovery (e.g. social, vocational, interpersonal) remains a major challenge4,5. Improving treatment for negative & cognitive symptoms in F.E. Schizophrenia is an area of major importance in future research as these symptoms affect patients functional recovery6.
1.Ehmann T &Hanson L. Assessment in Best Care in Early Psychosis Intervention edited by Ehmann T, MacEwan GW & Honer WG 2004:25-29 2.Norman RM, Mala AK, Duration of untreated psychosis: a critical examintion of the concept & its importance. Psychol med 2001;31:381-400 3.Addington J, Van Mastrigt S, Hutchinson J, Addington D. Pathways to care: help seeking behaviour in FEP. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2002;106:358-64 4.Walter G, Wiltshire C, Anderson J, Storm V. The pharmacological treatment of the early phase of FEP in youths. Can J Psychiatry 2001;46:803-9. 5.Cullberg J. Integrating intensive psychosocial therapy & low dose medical treatment in a total material of first episode psychotic patients compared to treatment as usual: a 3 year follow-up. Med Arch 1999;53:167-70 6.Perkins DO & Liebermann JA. Pharmacological management in Best Care in Early Psychosis Intervention edited by Ehmann T, MacEwan GW & Honer WG 2004:241-47
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Healthy Behaviour
improved Performance Personal Social Integration Productivity
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Information gathering
I. Patient: Self reporting. II. Family/carer: Observation, views. III. Clinician/team assessment. IV. Combination of the above: preferred.
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Patient
Self reported assessment - Advantage: 1. Allows access to patients views. 2. Positive effect on therapeutic relationship. - Disadvantages: 1. patient may minimise/exaggerate impact of illness on his/her function. 2. likely to be affected by patients literacy & understanding of symptoms. 3. possible inconsistency over time.
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Family/Carer
- Advantage: 1. Longer period of observation. 2. Fosters working in partnership. - Disadvantages: 1. Carers may minimise/exaggerate impact of illness on function. 2. likely to be affected by carers literacy & understanding of symptoms. 3. possible inconsistency over time.
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Clinician (s)
Taking a multidimensional approach: 1. Observation: likely to be objective. 2. Gathering corroborative information. 3. Assess function at every visit/contact. 4. Looking for subtle changes in function.
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V. Assessment Tools
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Assessments of Function
1.GAF: Global Assessment of Function. 2.SOFAS: Social & Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale. 3.HoNOS: Health of the Nation Outcome Scale 3.PSP: Personal & Social Performance Scale.
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GAF
Overall assessment of Social, Occupational & Psychological functioning (Axis V). Criticism: 1. Does not include physical or environmental limitations. 2. Not a pure measure of individuals ability to function as it incorporates symptom severity e.g. L41 50 for serious symptoms (e.g. suicidal ideation, severe obsessive rituals, shoplifting). Hence DSM-IV-TR includes SOFAS*.
*First, M & Tasman, A (2004) DSM-IV-TR, Mental Disorders: Diagnosis, Etiology & Treatment, Wiley. Diagnosis:1-49.
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SOFAS
Assesses Social & Occupational Function separate from Psychological symptoms Impairment due to general medical conditions are rated. Can be used to track progress in rehabilitation settings.
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PSP
Clearly identified anchor points. 4 domains of social & occupational functioning*
*Morosini, P., Magliano, L., Brambilla, L., Ugolini, S., Pioli, R. (2000). Development, reliability and acceptability 0f a new version of the DSM-IV social and occupational scales (SOFAS) to assess routine social functioning. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 101(4), 323-329.
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Introduction to PSP
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PSP
Developed as a measure of personal and social functioning of patients with psychiatric disorders1 First published in 2000 in an effort to develop a more valid and reliable version of the SOFAS2 Quick & reliable when administered by trained mental health professionals1 SIPSP: structured Interview to increase raters reliability & validity.
1. Morosini, P., Magliano, L., Brambilla, L., Ugolini, S., Pioli, R. (2000). Development, reliability and acceptability of a new version of the DSM-IV social and occupational scales (SOFAS) to assess routine social functioning. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 101(4), 323-329.
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Clinicians Responsibilities
To obtain the most accurate information on functioning: The individual administering the scale should:
Be experienced in treatment of psychiatric disorders Remain consistent for a given patient at all visits
Consider information obtained from other health care professionals and/or family members regarding patients functioning Follow SIPSP Guide & PSP Scoring Guidelines
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Interviewing Techniques
Approach to patient Establishing rapport Knowledge
Introduce self and explain scale/intent of interview Maintain appropriate eye contact, listen to patient Summarize patients responses to clarify and confirm Show appropriate affective response to patient
Interview style
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Structured Interview
PSP Domains
a) Self-care b) Socially useful activities c) Personal & social relationships d) Disturbing and aggressive behavior
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PSP: Scoring
Four domains
a) Self-care b) Socially useful activities c) Personal & social relationships d) Disturbing and aggressive behavior
Scoring Table
Absent a) Self-care b) Socially useful activities, including work and study Mild Manifest Marked Severe Very Severe
1 OR MORE
80-71
1 OR MORE
70-61
DOMAINS a,b,c
ONLY 1 OF 3 IS MARKED
60-51
50-41
50-41
1 OF 2
40-31
1
40-31
2 OF 3
30-21
3 OF 3
20-11
10-6
3 OF 3
5-1
NO
OR
60-51
NO
50-41
OR
20-11
DOMAIN d
80-71
AND
100-81
OR
70-61
OR
50-41
OR
40-31
OR
30-21 10-6 5-1
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Conclusion
Assessment of function is very important for patients, carers, clinicians & commissioners. Functional Assessment Scales (FASs) are useful tools. Interpretation of patients performance has to consider baseline level & socio-cultural factors. Adaptation & validation of FASs for use in atrisk & early psychosis populations is needed.
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Thank You
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