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Acids: acids are sour tasting Arrhenius acid: Any substance that, when dissolved in water, increases the concentration of hydronium ion (H3O+) Bronsted-Lowry acid: A proton donor Lewis acid: An electron acceptor Bases: bases are bitter tasting and slippery Arrhenius base: Any substance that, when dissolved in water, increases the concentration of hydroxide ion (OH-) Bronsted-Lowery base: A proton acceptor Lewis acid: An electron donor
Lone Hydrogen ions do not exist by themselves in solution. H+ is always bound to a water molecule to form a hydronium ion
General Equation
Reversible reaction
ELECTROLYTES
Electrolytes are species which conducts electricity when dissolved in water. Acids, Bases, and Salts are all electrolytes. Salts and strong Acids or Bases form Strong Electrolytes. Salt and strong acids (and bases) are fully dissociated therefore all of the ions present are available to conduct electricity. HCl(s) + H2O H3O+ + ClWeak Acids and Weak Bases for Weak Electrolytes. Weaks electrolytes are partially dissociated therefore not all species in solution are ions, some of the molecular form is present. Weak electrolytes have less ions avalible to conduct electricity. NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-
vs
WEAK
_ partially ionized _ weak electrolyte _ some covalent
a. Al(OH)3 + HCl
Weak base Strong acid
b. Ba(OH)2 +
Strong base
HC2H3O2
Weak acid
c. KOH + H2SO4
Strong base Strong acid
d. NH3 + H2O
Weak base Weak acid
TITRATION
Titration of a strong acid with a strong base
nacid = nbase
Since M=n/V
MAVA = MBVB
TITRATION
MAVA = MBVB
1. Suppose 75.00 mL of hydrochloric acid was required to neutralize 22.50 mLof 0.52 M NaOH. What is the molarity of the acid? HCl + NaOH H2O + NaCl Ma Va = Mb Vb rearranges to Ma = Mb Vb / Va so Ma = (0.52 M) (22.50 mL) / (75.00 mL) = 0.16 M
Now you try: 2. If 37.12 mL of 0.843 M HNO3 neutralized 40.50 mL of KOH, what is the molarity of the base? Mb = 0.773 mol/L
TITRATION
Titration of a strong acid with a strong base
nacid = nbase
TITRATION
1. If 37.12 mL of 0.543 M LiOH neutralized 40.50 mL of H2SO4, what is the molarity of the acid?
2 LiOH + H2SO4 Li2SO4 + 2 H2O First calculate the moles of base: 0.03712 L LiOH (0.543 mol/1 L) = 0.0202 mol LiOH Next calculate the moles of acid: 0.0202 mol LiOH (1 mol H2SO4 / 2 mol LiOH)= 0.0101 mol H2SO4 Last calculate the Molarity: Ma = n/V = 0.010 mol H2SO4 / 0.4050 L = 0.248 M
2. If 20.42 mL of Ba(OH)2 solution was used to titrate29.26 mL of 0.430 M HCl, what is the molarity of the barium hydroxide solution?
Mb = 0.308 mol/L
Water Equilibrium
Water Equilibrium
Kw = [H+] [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14 Equilibrium constant for water
Water or water solutions in which [H+] = [OH-] = 10-7 M are neutral solutions.
A solution in which [H+] > [OH-] is acidic
A solution with a pH of 1 has [H3O+] of 0.1 mol/L or 10-1 A solution with a pH of 3 has [H3O+] of 0.001 mol/L or 10-3 A solution with a pH of 7 has [H3O+] of 0.0000001 mol/L or 10-7
pH = - log [H3O+]
The pH scale
The pH scale ranges from 1 to 10-14 mol/L or from 1 to 14.
pH = - log [H3O+]
Manipulating pH
Algebraic manipulation of:
pH = - log [H3O+]
allows for:
[H3O+] = 10-pH
If pH is a measure of the hydronium ion concentration then the same equations could be used to describe the hydroxide (base) concentration.
[OH-] = 10-pOH
thus:
10.8 mL
2. What mass of Sr(OH)2 will be required to neutralize 19.54 mL of 0.00850 M HBr solution?
0.0101 g
3. How many mL of 0.998 M H2SO4 must be added to neutralize 47.9 mL of 1.233 M KOH?
29.6 mL
5.623 x 10 M
5. What is the pH of a solution that has a molar concentration of hydronium ion of 9.15 x 10-5?
pH = 4.0
6. What is the pOH of a solution that has a molar concentration of hydronium ion of 8.55 x 10-10? pOH = 4.9