Microbial Metabolism

Chapter 5

Metabolism - all of the chemical

reactions within a living organism

1. Catabolism ( Catabolic )
breakdown of complex organic molecules into simpler compounds releases ENERGY

2. Anabolism

( Anabolic )

the building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones requires ENERGY

Enzymes - catalysts that speed up and

direct chemical reactions

A. Enzymes are substrate specific

Lipases Sucrases Ureases Proteases DNases Lipids Sucrose Urea Proteins DNA

Enzyme Specificity can be explained by the Lock and Key Theory

E + S -----> ES ------> E + P

Naming of Enzymes - most are

named by adding ase to the substrate

Sucrose Lipids DNA Proteins removes a Hydrogen removes a phosphate

Sucrase Lipase DNase Protease Dehydrogenase phosphotase

Naming of Enzymes

Grouped based on type of reaction they catalyze 1. Oxidoreductases oxidation & reduction 2. Hydrolases hydrolysis 3. Ligases synthesis

Enzyme Components
2 Parts
1. Apoenzyme - protein portion 2. Coenzyme (cofactor) - non-protein

Holoenzyme - whole enzyme

Coenzymes

Many are derived from vitamins

1. Niacin
NAD (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

2. Riboflavin
FAD (Flavin adenine dinucleotide)

3. Pantothenic Acid
CoEnzyme A

Factors that Influence Enzymatic Activity

Denaturation of an Active Protein

Inhibitors can effect enzymatic activity 1. Competitive Inhibitors 2. Noncompetitive Inhibitors

Competitive Inhibitors -compete for

the active site

1. Penicillin
competes for the active site on the enzyme involved in the synthesis of the pentaglycine crossbridge

2. Sulfanilamide (Sulfa Drugs)

competes for the active site on the enzyme that converts PABA into Folic Acid
Folic Acid - required for the synthesis of DNA and RNA

Selective Toxicity

Non-competitive Inhibitors - attach to

an allosteric site

Energy Production

1. Oxidation
refers to the loss of Hydrogens and or electrons

2. Reduction
the gain of Hydrogens and or electrons

NAD Cycle

Carbohydrate Catabolism

Microorganisms oxidize carbohydrates as their primary source of energy Glucose - most common energy source Energy obtained from Glucose by:
Respiration Fermentation

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

Electrons released by oxidation are passed down an Electron Transport System with oxygen being the Final Electron Acceptor
General Equation:
Glucose + oxygen----> Carbon dioxide + water

ATP

Chemical Equation

38 ADP + 38 P 38 ATP

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -------> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

4 subpathways
1. Glycolysis 2. Transition Reaction 3. Krebs Cycle 4. Electron Transport System

1. Glycolysis

(splitting of sugar)

Oxidation of Glucose into 2 molecules of Pyruvic acid Embden-Meyerhof Pathway

End Products of Glycolysis:
2 Pyruvic acid 2 NADH2 2 ATP

2. Transition Reaction

Connects Glycolysis to Krebs Cycle

End Products:
2 Acetyl CoEnzyme A 2 CO2 2 NADH2

3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

Series of chemical reactions that begin and end with citric acid
Products:
2 6 2 4 ATP NADH2 FADH2 CO2

4. Electron Transport System

Occurs within the cell membrane of Bacteria

Chemiosomotic Model of Mitchell
34 ATP

How 34 ATP from E.T.S. ?

3 ATP for each NADH2 2 ATP for each FADH2

NADH2

FADH2

Glycolysis T. R. Krebs Cycle

2 2 6
10

Glycolysis T.R. Krebs Cycle

0 0 2
2

Total

Total

10 x 3 = 30 ATP

2 x 2 = 4 ATP

Total ATP production for the complete oxidation of 1 molecule of glucose in Aerobic Respiration

Glycolysis Transition Reaction Krebs Cycle E.T.S. Total

ATP 2 0 2 34 38 ATP

Anaerobic Respiration

Electrons released by oxidation are passed down an E.T.S., but oxygen is not the final electron acceptor

Nitrate (NO3-) ----> Nitrite (NO2-) Sulfate (SO24-) ----> Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Carbonate (CO24-) -----> Methane (CH4)

Fermentation

Anaerobic process that does not use the E.T.S. Usually involves the incomplete oxidation of a carbohydrate which then becomes the final electron acceptor.
Glycolysis - plus an additional step

Fermentation may result in numerous end products

1. Type of organism 2. Original substrate 3. Enzymes that are present and active

1. Lactic Acid Fermenation

Only 2 ATP End Product - Lactic Acid Food Spoilage Food Production
Yogurt - Milk Pickles - Cucumbers Sauerkraut - Cabbage

2 Genera:
Streptococcus Lactobacillus

2. Alcohol Fermentation

Only 2 ATP End products:

alcohol CO2

Alcoholic Beverages Bread dough to rise Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Yeast)

3. Mixed - Acid Fermentation

Only 2 ATP End products - FALSE

Escherichia coli and other enterics

Propionic Acid Fermentation

Only 2 ATP End Products:

Propionic acid CO2

Propionibacterium sp.

Fermentation End Products

Lipid Catabolism

Protein Catabolism

Photosynthesis - conversion of light

energy from the sun into chemical energy

Chemical energy is used to reduce CO2 to sugar (CH2O) Carbon Fixation - recycling of carbon in the environment (Life as we known is dependant on this) Photosynthesis
Green Plants Algae Cyanobacteria

Chemical Equation

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + sunlight -----> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

2 Parts:
1. Light Reaction 2. Dark Reaction

Light Reaction

Non-Cyclic Photophosphorylation
O2 ATP NADPH2

Light Reaction (simplified)

2. Dark Reaction