BASIC LINGUISTIC CONCEPTS

by Don L. F. Nilsen

LIN 516 CARDS

Your name (first name first) LIN 516 Fall, 2009 Local address & zip Permanent Address & zip Non-ASU e-mail Languages youve studied 1st six years of life: State or Country Tentative title of research paper (see next slide)
8 2

LIN 516 Research Paper Must Deal with Sophisticated Discourse

Allusion Communicative Competence Conversational Implicatures Double Entendre Epiphany Ethnic Differences Formality Differences Gender Differences Hyperbole Humor Interactional Sociolinguistics Intertextuality Irony Jargon Lexical Packing Language Acquisition
8

Linguistic Relativity Metaphor Metonymy Naming of Persons, Places or Things Paradox Parody Prose Styles Prototype Theory Regional Differences Rhetorical Devices (Schemes & Tropes) Satire Signifying Speech Acts Symbolism Synecdoche VARIES model
3

Some Research-Paper Guidelines

The The Impotence of Proofreading (Taylor Mali): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OonDPGwAyfQ&feature=search Victor Borge Phonetic Punctuation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lF4qii8S3gw&feature=search

WORD-ATTACK SKILLS: Analysis vs. Synthesis: Parsing vs. Generative Grammar Denotation vs. Connotation: Pro-Choice vs. Pro-Life views of abortion Systematic vs. Accidental Gaps: schplick vs. blick

LEVELS OF ADEQUACY:
Prescriptive Adequacy: What people should do

Descriptive Adequacy: What people do do

Explanatory Adequacy: Patterns, Trends, and Predictions

Evaluative Adequacy: Based on Elegance Simplicity Completeness Internal Consistency Generative Power

SURFACE STRUCTURE:
Syntax Allotag Tagmeme Morpheme

Morphology Allomorph

Graphology Allograph Phonology Allophone

8

Grapheme Phoneme
7

DEEP STRUCTURE: Pragmatics Allobehavior Behavioreme

Pragmatics (Context, Deictics, Anaphora, Speech Acts, Conversational Implicatures, Intent, Felicity Conditions)
Semantics Alloseme
8

Sememe
8

!LANGUAGE VARIATION SPEAKING, PARLANT, VARIES: V-Vocational Differences A-Age Differences Individual Language R-Regional Differences I-Informality Differences E-Ethnic Differences S-Sex Differences

!!FORM-MEANING CORRELATION CONTRAST SOUNDS, SPELLINGS AND MEANINGS: Antonyms: tall vs. short Converses: buy vs. sell Cognates: embarrassed vs. embarazada Heteronyms: minute vs. minute

Homographs: bank vs. bank

Homonyms: Homographs or Homophones Homophones: too vs. two vs. to Hyponyms: metaphor vs. metaphor Synonyms: big vs. large
8 10

!!!WORD-LEVEL VS. SENTENCE-LEVEL GRAMMAR

LEXICAL: SYNTACTIC:

AMBIGUITY:
ANOMALY:

Take your pick!

She wanted a gnepf.

Call me a taxi!
John me cow a gave. Bill hit John. vs. John was hit by Bill.

PARAPHRASE: William hit a policeman. vs. Bill slugged a cop.

11

References: Clark, Virginia P., Paul A. Eschholz, and Alfred F. Rosa, eds. Language: Readings in Language and Culture, 6th Edition. New York, NY: St. Martins Press, 1998. Eschholz, Paul, Alfred Rosa, and Virginia Clark, eds. Language Awareness: Readings for College Writers, 10th Edition. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martins, 2009. Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman, and Nina Hyams. An Introduction to Language, 8th Edition. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth, 2007.

Mey, Jacob. Pragmatics: An Introduction, 2nd Edition. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001.

12