OPTIMISATION OF FUEL CELL AND SUPERCAPACITORS IN FUEL CELL ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Presented by: NITHIN JOHN

WHY ELECTRIC VEHICLESS(EV) ARE DEVELOPED?

High cost Exhaust emissions Low fuel efficiency Non renewable

of internal combustion engines(ICES)

ADVANTAGES OF EV Low emissions Reasonable efficiency

Low noise

BUT WHY EVS ARE NOT ACCEPTED MUCH???

High cost

Large size of battery Limited life cycle of battery

 By using a combination of ICE+ EV = HEV OR HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES

BUT STILL PROBLEM OF EMISSION PERSISTS..!!!

FUEL CELL
Chemical energy stored is converted to electrical energy with out combustion.

Hydrogen is combined with oxygen to form water

Water is bye product so no problem of pollution Vehicles powered by fuel cell have the advantage of high efficiency, low noise, large vehicle range.. etc

OBSTACLES IN DEVELOPING FCEV

High cost of fuel cell (according to DOE mass produced fuel cell costs 200$ per UNIT as per 2008 records)

METHODS OF REDUCING COST OF FUEL CELL

REDUCE PER KW COST OF FUEL CELL
By advanced fuel cell development

REDUCE POWER RATING OF FUEL CELL

Use an energy storage device to supplement extra power requirement in FCEV vehicle

SUPER CAPACITOR

super capacitor is an electrochemical device that can provide high capacitance in a very small volume and weight Have very low charging and discharging time

FCEV POWERTRAIN

AT HIGH POWER
SUPER CAPACITOR + FUEL CELL

DC LINK VOLTAGE

At low power

Fuel cell
SUPER CAPACITOR

DC LINK VOLTAGE

PROPOSED DESIGN
Cost of AC motor , inverter and transmission are constant for specific rating of vehicle So by proper design cost of fuel cell and capacitor stack has to be reduced.

a)Cost of Fuel-Cell Stack and Super capacitor Bank

Total cost of the fuel cell and capacitor stack is given by Q = C1 Mfc Nfc + C2 Msc Nsc Q=total cost , M= number of units connected in series

N=Number of units connected in parallel

c = cost of single unit

CONSTRAINS ON C1 & C2

Cost on fuel cell and capacitor unit are assumed independent of & number Dc link voltage has to be maintained stable during all vehicular conditions Vdc,m = Vdc,n(1 + ) Mfc = Vdc,m/Vfc,m Msc = Vdc,m/Vsc,m.

Constrains on Mfc & Msc

Initial acceleration

Gradability
Maximum speed Drive cycle

DURING INITIAL ACCELARATION

Both fuel cell and super capacitor have to supply power to FCEV power train Here for given spec it is assumed to have an initial acceleration of 60mi in 10s If Nfc is smaller Nsc should be greater and vice versa The combination must lead to 10% dc link variation Acceptable combinations are found by trial and error method

GRADING
Only fuel cell supplies power

Pg = M g g
P from table 3 is calculated as 20.98 kw let Vdc,min = Vdc,n(1 ) Vfc,min = Vdc,min / Mfc Nfc= Pg/ (Mfc. Pfc)
vehicle spec.png

MAXIMUM VEHICLE SPEED

Here also fuel cell alone provides the power

Here assumed max speed is 120 mi/hr

Calculated power = 49.19kw

DRIVE CYCLE
At high power requirement both fuel cell and super capacitor provide power and at low power fuel cell provides power alone and charges super capacitor. Fig shows characteristics of FTP 75 DRIVING CYCLE

ACCEPTABLE COMBINATIONS

RESULTANT CURVE

 where p1 =0.50056; p2 =6.6939; p3 = 42.742; p4=18.781; and p5 = 115.66. Points B and C are given by Point B : Nsc =1.43 Nfc =89.2 Point C : Nsc =2.43 Nfc =42.

The design is implemented for a sample vehicle and the dened vehicle performance. The cost, volume, and weight of the optimized fuel-cell stack and super capacitor bank and the fuel economy of the vehicle are presented. Simulation results verify that the designed fuel-cell stack and super capacitor bank can provide all the required vehicle performance. The limitation of the method is that the design method is only applicable to FCEVs powered by a fuel cell and super capacitor.

 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 55, NO. 6, NOVEMBER 2006

M. C. Pera, D. Hissel, and J. M. Kauffmann, Fuel cell systems for electrical vehicles, in Proc. IEEE VTC, May 2002, vol. 4, pp. 20972102
web.iitd.ac.in/~sbasu/seminar/presentation/5Dr.G.SASI.KUMAR.pdf V. Wouk, Hybrids: Then and now, IEEE Spectr., vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 16 21, Jul. 1995. The Fuel Cell Handbook, U.S. Dept. Energy, Morgantown, WV, 2002.