Bioenergy

Description
 What is Bioenergy?
• Bioenergy is energy contained in living or recently living
biological organisms
• Organic material containing bioenergy is known as
biomass
• Biofuels are renewable transport fuels including:
– Bioethanol
– Biodiesel
– Biogas
– Biobutanol
 Biomass
• Biomass is the largest renewable energy source
in use today
There are two main forms of biomass:
• Raw biomass consists of forestry products,
grasses, crops, animal manure, and aquatic
products, such as kelp and seaweed.
• Secondary biomass is material that comes from
raw biomass, but has undergone significant
changes. These would include items such as
paper, cardboard, cotton, natural rubber
products and used cooking oils.
 Liquid Biofuels

• Bioethanol
 Fuel ethanol is a form of alcohol, fermented
and distilled from a wide range of plant life
such as wheat, corn or woody material
• Biodiesel
 produced by chemically upgrading oils
obtained from the pressing of oil plants,
Electricity generation from biomass

• Electricity from sugarcane bagasse in

Brazil
 Gas biofuels

• Biogas
• Synthetic natural gas (SNG)
 Solid biofuels
• Wood
• Charcoal
• biomass pellets
 How much biomass
exists right now?
• Worldwide, total "standing crop" biomass (99% on land, and 80% in trees)
is a huge resource, equivalent to about 60 years of world energy use in the
year 2000 (1250 billion metric tonnes of dry plant matter, containing 560
billion tonnes of carbon).
• For the U.S. alone, standing vegetation has been variously estimated at
between 65 and 90 billion tonnes of dry matter (30-40 billion tonnes of
carbon), equivalent to 14-19 years of current U.S. primary energy use.
• However, the Earth actually grows every year about 130 billion tonnes of
biomass on land (60 billion tonnes of carbon) and a further 100 billion
tonnes in the rivers, lakes and oceans (46 billion tonnes carbon).
• The energy content of this annual biomass production is estimated to be
more than 6 times world energy use or 2,640 exajoules (2500 Quads) on
land, with an additional 2024 exajoules (1920 Quads) in the waters.
 Facts about bioenergy
• Worldwide, biomass is the fourth largest energy resource after coal,
oil, and natural gas - estimated at about 14% of global primary
energy (and much higher in many developing countries).
• In the U.S., biomass today provides about 3-4% of primary energy
• Biomass is used for heating (such as wood stoves in homes and for
process heat in bioprocessing industries), cooking (especially in
many parts of the developing world), transportation (fuels such as
ethanol) and, increasingly, for electric power production.
• Installed capacity of biomass power generation worldwide is about
35,000 MW, with about 7,000 MW in the United States derived from
forest-product-industry and agricultural residues
• Much of this 7,000 MW capacity is presently found in the pulp and
paper industry, in combined heat and power (cogeneration) systems
 Bioenergy in Malaysia
• Malaysia has a goal for the share of renewable energy to reach 10% of the total by
2010.
• A National Biofuel Policy was announced by the Government in August 2005 to
promote development of a biofuels industry in Malaysia.

– The National Biofuel Policy entails a four-prong strategy:

• the production of a biofuel blend of 5% processed palm oil and 95% diesel ,
• encouraging the use of Biofuel among the public
• establishing an industry standard for palm biodiesel quality
• the setting up of biodiesel plants in Malaysia for exports. (source: MPOB)
 Bioenergy in Malaysia
• In 2005, the total oil palm planted area increased by 4.5% or 174,000
hectares to 4.0 million hectares, the state of Sabah on Borneo accounted
for 30% of the total area. (source: MPOB)

• Production of crude palm oil has been increasing for 7 consecutive years
and reached 15.0 million tonnes in 2005.

• Production growth of 7.1% was mainly attributed to the increase in matured

areas, enhanced plantation and mill management, recovery in fresh fruit
bunches yield per hectare to 18.88 tonnes and continued improvement in
the oil extraction rate (OER) to 20.15%.
Bioenergy – Key Benefits and
Challenges
Key Benefits Key Challenges
•Sustainability: a clean and renewable energy source
• Availability: bioenergy development can increase access
Ensuring sustainability –
to energy in environmental, social and
rural areas
• Flexibility: bioenergy can deliver power, heat and economic
transport
• Energy Security: bioenergy can contribute to diversifying
• Safeguarding food security –
the energy ensuring that increased demand
mix; there are a wide variety of feedstocks (raw material)
for for biofuels does not adversely
bioenergy and all countries can rely on some domestic affect the hungry
sources
• Mitigation of climate change – bioenergy can significantly • Protecting biodiversity
reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions compared to
fossil fuels • Diversification of rural livelihoods – in the
• Managing competition for land
energy sector, and and water
utilising newly available energy services - facilitating rural
development • Controlling pollution of air, water
• Reduction in land degradation especially through planting and soils
of
perennial bioenergy feedstocks • Removing barriers to biomass and
bioenergy trade
 Quiz

• What are the differences between Bioenergy and

biomass?
• What impact will biofuels have on food prices?
• What are the environmental advantages to biofuels?
• Can biodiesel help to reduce 'global warming?
HOW IS IT DONE?!!!!
• Biogas is normally produced by using the excreta of animals as the source material.
In most of the countries where biogas is produced, the excreta of the cattle and other
farm animals are used. In India gobar or cow dung is used for the purpose of making
biogas. 20% of the excreta of animals is made up of dust particles that are inorganic
in nature. The percentage of the inorganic dust particles is brought down by
combining water with the excreta in a 1:1 ratio. The rate of feeding of any biogas
manufacturing plant that is based on dung is 3,500 kilograms per day.

Under normal circumstances the microbial content of the biogas is maintained by the
addition of 2% of the expended slurry of the slurry of the fresh dung. 1% calcium
ammonium nitrate of the dung is combined with the slurry in such cases. At times
waste of kitchens and excrement of human bodies is used in these processes. The
human excreta are supposed to occupy, at the most, 3% of the slurry.

The addition of human excreta is crucial in this context as it increases the amount of
production of biogas. This is because human excreta have high nitrogen content. The
ideal temperature for producing biogas is within 35 to 38 degrees Celsius.
• If the temperature is lower than that then the production of biogas may go down as
well. If the temperature is 15 degree Celsius then it would be impossible to produce
any biogas.
 Facts to Remember
• The ration of the gases in the Product:
– 40-45 percent of carbon dioxide (CO2),
– 55-66 percent of methane (CH4),
– Rest is hydrogen (H2) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S).

• Ration of the elements to produce Bio Gas:

– Cow Dung/Vegetable Waste: 90%
– Water: 18%
– Human Waste: 2%
Bio Gas Plant
Bricks
• Bricks are mixture of Wood waste and Sugar
cane waste.
• Wood waste or left over from process and
sugarcane are dried up with the help of sun.
• Wood waste and Sugar cane waste are mixed
up and give pressure to make a bun
 Facts to Remember
• The usage:
– To burn.
– To cook.

• Ration of the elements to produce Bricks:

– Wood Waste: 60%
– Sugar Cane waste: 40%
 Cake
• It is made from Cow dung.
• Cow dung is collected and given shape of disc
and it is dried of on the sun.

• Used only for cooking

• Easy alternative of Coal in villages in South Asia
and some parts of South East Asia
 Bio diesel
• Biodiesel is manufactured from vegetable oils,
recycled cooking greases or oils or animal fats.
• It can be used either as a blended fuel with
petroleum diesel or as a pure fuel.
• Blended biodiesel can often be used without any
engine modification.
• Biodiesel reduces the level of several diesel
pollutants including sulphur dioxide, carbon
monoxide and carbon dioxide.
Thank You 

© 2009 Miracle Youth Conference