The Flow of Energy

• Cellular Respiration
– is the set of the metabolic reactions and
processes that take place in organisms' cells
to convert biochemical energy from nutrients
into adenosine triphosphate (ATP
 Laws of Thermodynamics
• There are 2 Laws of Thermodynamics
• Law #1 Conservation of energy
– Energy can be converted from one form to
another
– energy cannot be created or destroyed
• Law #2 Entropy increases
• Energy can not be converted without the
loss of usable energy
– (usually Thermal or Heat)
 Autotrophs & Heterotrophs
• Autotrophs
• organisms that make
their own food.
– Plants
• Heterotrophs
• need to ingest food to
obtain energy
– Animals
 Endergonic And Exergonic
reactions
• Endergonic reactions REQUIRES free
energy
• Exergonic reactions RELEASE free
energy
• The cell requires these reactions to be
linked together in order to carry out
biological processes
 Definitions
• Aerobic Respiration
– Respiration in which Oxygen is required
• Anaerobic Respiration
– Respiration in which Oxygen is not required
 Respiration with Oxygen
38 38

Aerobic Respiration
•Is the normal form of respiration. It requires oxygen and
releases the most energy from glucose.
This type of energy reaction requires us to
• breathe oxygen in , breathe carbon dioxide out, excrete
(get rid of) the extra water in our urine.
Anaerobic Respiration
• No Oxygen Is used
• Lactic Acid is formed
• anaerobic respiration
is used for short
periods of time
• Ex. during a sprint,
human muscles can
respire anaerobically.
 Anaerobic Respiration
• Unfortunately, lactic acid is produced and accumulates
until the muscles cannot continue working. Anaerobic
respiration in humans is less efficient than aerobic
respiration at releasing energy, but releases energy
faster This explains why humans can run faster in a
sprint than over longer distances. When humans stop
after a sprint, they have to continue breathing more
heavily for a while. This is to take in ‘extra’ oxygen in
order to break down the accumulated lactic acid on top
of the ‘normal’ breakdown of sugar in aerobic respiration.
The body is paying back the oxygen debt built up during
the sprint.
ATP- The Unit of Cellular energy
• Adenosine
Triphosphate
• Structure is A-P-P-P
• When the bond
between the last 2
phosphate groups is
broken energy is
released
• A-P-P P
• ATP movie
ATP
• ATP consists of a
base, in this case
adenine (red), a
ribose (magenta) and
a phosphate chain
(blue).
 ATP
• How it works
• ATP releases energy when the
bond between the second and
third phosphate is broken
• This forms
– ADP (adenosine diphosphate )
– A free Phosphate group
• Note
– this is hydrolysis reaction
– Therefore water is involved
 ADP
• When the organism is rest, the
reverse reaction takes place
• the phosphate group is reattached
to the molecule using energy
obtained from food or sunlight.
• ATP molecule acts as a chemical
'battery', storing energy when it is
not needed, but able to release it
instantly when the organism
requires it.
 ATP
• In other words:
ATP+H2O  ADP+P(i) +energy
 Electron Transport System
• Makes most of the ATP for the cell
• Electrons move from high energy levels to
lower energy levels
• The Energy released as electrons move to
lower level is used to ATP
 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
(Re-dox) Rxns
• The transferring of electrons between energy
levels
• Oxidation reactions
– Process of losing electrons
• Reduction Reactions
– Process of gaining electrons

Called a reduction reactions because you are reducing

the charge by gaining more electrons
 Electron and Protein Carriers
• NAD+ (Nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide)
– Is an electron proton carrier in cellular
respiration
– In cellular respiration NADH is formed from
NAD+ gaining a hydrogen with its proton
and electron. NADH can convert back to
NAD+ by giving off its hydrogen with its
proton and electron
• NADH+ (Nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide phosphate)
– Is an electron and proton carrier in
photosynthesis
– In photsynthesis NADPH is formed from
NADP+ gaining a hydrogen with its proton
and electron. NADPH can convert back to
NADP+ by giving off its hydrogen with its
proton and electron
 Three Main Stages of Cellular
Respirations
1. Glycolysis
2. Citric Acid Cycle or Kreb's Cycle
3. Electron Transport

Video
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
• Plants absorb a common
gas called carbon
dioxide, pull water up
through their roots and
use light to make sugar.
Plants use the sugar to
grow. Plants give off
oxygen as a by-product.
The green parts of the
plant makes the sugar
and oxygen.
• Carbon dioxide + water
+ sunlight = sugar +
oxygen
 Photosynthesis
• A process in which light energy is
converted into chemical energy

• The chemical equation for photosynthesis

is
6CO2+6H20 -> C6H12O6+602
light
 Photosynthesis occurs in two
phases
• Phase 1
– Light dependent reactions
– Light absorbed and convert into chemical
energy in the form of ATP or NADPH
• Phase 2
– Light Independent reactions
– ATP and NADPH are used to make glucose
– Glucose combine with other sugars to form
complex Carbohydrates such as Starch
 Photosynthesis is a two stage
process
• . The first process is the Light Dependent
Process (Light Reactions), requires the
direct energy of light to make energy
carrier molecules that are used in the
second process. The Light Independent
Process (or Dark Reactions) occurs when
the products of the Light Reaction are
used to form C-C covalent bonds of
carbohydrates
 The Light Reactions
1. Light Reactions
• The purpose of the light reactions is to change
light energy into chemical energy of ATP and
NADPH (enzyme).
• Light energy is absorbed and converted to
chemical energy
• Water is split into H+ ions, oxygen and electrons
• H+ from the water are attached to carrier co-
enzymes (NADP) for use in photosynthesis (see
page 157)
 The Calvin Cycle
AKA
The Dark Reactions
• The purpose of the Calvin Cycle is to
change CO2 into sugar by adding
energy & the H+ from ATP & NADPH.
• a) Can occur in light or dark.
• b) 6 CO2 & lots of ATP & NADPH are
needed to make one sugar molecule.
• c) The sugar is then used for plant
growth or stored for use in the winter
Energy Relationships
• Respiration is almost
the exact opposite
reaction to
photosynthesis.
These two reactions
work together to
maintain a biological
balance on earth.
Photosynthesis and Respiration.
• Photosynthesis • Respiration
• produces food • uses food
• stores energy • releases energy
• uses water • produces water
• uses carbon dioxide • produces carbon
• releases oxygen dioxide
• occurs in sunlight • uses oxygen
• occurs in the dark as
well as light
Photosynthesis and Respiration.
• Photosynthesis • Cellular Respiration
• light energy
• 6CO2+6H20= C6H12O6+ • C6H12O6+6O2=CO2+H2O
6O2
• this equation is about the
• Here is the equation for opposite of the equation for
photosynthesis. when a photosynthesis.
plant is exposed to 6 • products of the photosynthesis
molecules of carbon reactions are the reactants of
dioxide and 6 molecules the reactions that take place
of water and light energy during cellular respiration.
• Conversely, the products of
is present, glucose and cellular respiration are the
oxygen gas is formed. reactants of the
photosynthesis reactions.