Possible treatment goals: Cure complete eradication of malignant ds.

Control- prolonged survival & containment of cancer cell growth Palliation- relief of symptoms

The primary method of treatment or maybe prophylactic, palliative or reconstructive

Biopsy
performed to obtain a tissue sample for

analysis of suspected malignant cell

Mostly taken from actual tumor

A.

Excisional
For easily accessible tumors of the skin,

breast, upper & lower GIT & upper

respiratory tract.

Removes the entire tumor and

surrounding marginal tissues.

B.

Incisional
Performed if tumor mass is too large to be removed. Removes a part of the tumor.

C.

Needle method
performed to sample suspicious masses that are

easily accessible (breast, thyroid, liver & kidney).

Local anesthesia used

fine needle or core needle into a solid tumor

To remove the entire tumor or debulking & any involved surrounding tissue & regional lymph nodes

i.

Local- removal of mass and a small margin of normal tissue that is easily accessible.

ii.

Wide or radical excisions (en bloc

dissection)- removal of primary tumor,

lymph nodes & adjacent structures.

Electrosurgery

Cryosurgery

Make use of electrical current to destroy the tumor cell. Used liquid nitrogen to freeze tissue thus causing cell

Chemosurgery

destruction.

Combined topical chemotherapy & layer by layer

Laser surgery (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) Stereotactic radiosurgery

depth to vaporize cancer cells.

removal of abnormal tissue.

Used of light & energy aimed at an exact tissue location & Single & highly precise administration of high dose

radiation used in some types of brain, head & neck cancer.

Removal of nonvital tissues or organs that are likely to develop cancer.

Example: colectomy, mastectomy, oophorectomy.

Family history and generic predisposition Presence or absence of symptoms Potential risks and benefits Ability to detect cancer at an early age Patients acceptance of the post op outcome.

If cure is not possible this treatment aims to alleviate signs & symptoms and promote patients comfort.

It is necessary to provide honest informative information to avoid false hope and

disappointment .

To improve function or obtain a more desirable cosmetic effect

May follow curative & radical surgery

Maybe indicated for breast , head, neck &

skin cancer.

Preop assessment General Preop nsg care Provides health education Provide emotional support Explain & clarify information that physicians initially provided. Assess patient response to surgery. Monitors possible complications. Post op teachings

Uses an ionizing radiation to interrupt cellular growth. Types of ionizing radiation:

Electromagnetic rays - x-rays & gamma rays Particles - electrons(beta particles), protons, neutrons, & alpha particles.

It maybe used to:

Cure the cancer (hodgkins disease, testicular seminomas, thyroid carcinomas, localized

cancers of the head & neck & cervical

cancer. Control malignant disease Prophylactic (prevent leukemic infiltration to brain or spinal cord)

Relieve symptoms of metastatic disease

1. 2.

During DNA synthesis & mitosis Well oxygenated tumor

An external beam radiotherapy directs the radiation at the tumor from outside the body.

The higher the energy the deeper the

penetration.

Kilovoltage therapy devices

("superficial") X-rays are used for treating skin cancer and

superficial structures.

Linear accelerators & beatron machines

Higher energy X-rays are used to treat deep-seated

tumors (e.g. bladder, bowel, prostate, lung, or brain) with

less harm to the skin & less scattering of radiation to body

tissues.

Gamma rays
Uses radioactive element (Cobalt 60) to deliver

radiation dose beneath the skin surface, sparing

skin tissue from adverse effects.

Particle beam radiation therapy

Accelerates subatomic particles through body

tissues.
Damages target cells as well as its pathway.

Intraoperative radiation therapy

Delivering a single dose of high fraction radiation

to the exposed tumor bed while body cavity is

open during surgery.
Gastric, pancreatic, colorectal, bladder &

cervical cancers & sarcomas.

Precisely targeted to the diseased area and

avoid exposure of overlying skin and structures.

Brachytherapy