E2- highways, Airports and Ports-

Planning, Construction and

Management
Module-1

INDIA’S HIGHWAYS,AIRPORTS &

PORTS PROGRAMMES AND
FUTURE SCENARIO
 Introduction to Transportation
Engineering
Major transportation modes are
2. Roads
3. Railways
4. Airways
5. Waterways

apart from the above modes pipe lines and

rope ways are use as additional modes
depending on requirement
 -continued
Transportation is vital for the economic
development of the country, also India has
about 5,75,000 villages inhabited with
60% of the population. Hence rural
connectivity is possible only with adequate
road transportation.
Good network of roads is essential for
agricultural & industrial inputs and outputs.
 -continued
Roads are also essential for the
development of tourism industry and
mobilization of defense and police forces
across the country.
Border roads are essential to safe guard the
boundaries of the country against external
aggression.
 Major Breakthrough
After the first world war there was large scale
import of vehicles in to the country and existing
roads started deteriorating. The government felt
the need for the road improvement as India had
around 600 provinces under the rule of kings
across the country who were not interested in
any type in the country.
 -continued
the Govt. appointed in 1927 a committee
headed by Jayakar to recommend
guidelines for the development of the
roads in the country. The report was
submitted in 1928 in the form of 4 major
recommendations.
 Jayakar Committee
Recommendaations
• Road construction should be considered as
national interest as it is beyond the capacity of
the provincial Govt. to take up the road
development
• To levy an extra tax on petrol to develop
CENTRAL ROAD FUND (CRF)
• To form a semi technical body to pool technical
know how from various parts of the country
about the roads
• To establish a research organization to carry out
research and development related to roads
 Implementation of
recommendations
1.An extra tax was levied on petrol to generate
CRF (1929) and the amount generated is to be
given as for states for the road development.
80 % for states and 20 % for maintenance,
administration of fund.
Accountant General of Central Revenues and
Expenditure is empowered, through Roads wing
of Ministry of Transport to administer the
generated fund
 -continued
2. Indian Roads Congress (IRC) was formed in
1934 to pool information about planning,
construction and maintenance of roads, to
recommend standard specification and to
provide platform for expression of professional
opinion.
IRC publishes technical journals, research
publications, standards and specifications
related to highway engineering.
It works in collaboration with Roads wing of
Ministry of Surface Transport, Govt. of India
 -continued
3.Central Road Research Institute (CRRI)
was established in 1950 at New Delhi for
carrying out research in various aspects of
highway engineering. This organization is
managed by CSIR.
It is engaged in applied research and
offers technical advice to State Govt. and
industries to various problems concerning
roads.
 -continued
4. Highway Research Board (HRB) was
started in 1973 to give proper direction
and guidance for road research activities
in India.
HRB publishes technical journals
related to the field of highway engineering.
Road Transport Characteristics
Advantages
1.Accommodates heterogeneous traffic
2. Requires relatively small investment
3. Requires less maintenance cost
4. Freedom and flexibility of movement to
vehicles is available
5. Suitable for short haul operations
 -continued
6. Door to door service is available
Disadvantages:
1. Results in large number of accidents with
causalities and injuries
2. Results in large air and noise pollution
3. Very high gradients can not be provided.
4. Roads are subjected to severe
atmospheric conditions
 National Transport Policy
Committee (1978)
Govt. of India appointed the committee
to prepare a comprehensive national
transport policy for India for the years to
come
 Liberalization of transport sector
 To include transportation in priority sector
 Optimal mix of road and railway sector and
energy conservation
 To strengthen National Highway System
 Roads Classification
As per the III Road Development Plan the roads are
classified as follows
2. Primary System:
i) Expressways
ii) National Highways

Expressways are constructed in high traffic corridors

with divided carriageways, controlled access , grade
separators at intersections where other roads/ railways
cross . This is provided for fast movement of vehicles
and may be owned by Central / State Govt.
 Secondary System
• A) State highways (SH)
• B) Major District Roads (MDR)
 Tertiary System
Rural roads
• 1) Other District Roads (ODR)
• 2) Village Roads (VR)
 National Highways
• These connect major ports, foreign highways,
State Capitals, large industrial and Tourist
Centers , roads required for strategic movement
like defense. These roads give uninterrupted
road communication throughout India around the
year and should connect the entire national
network.
NH are designated by numbers like NH1,
NH4, NH48, NH1-A etc
 State Highways
• Arterial roads of a state that connects NH,
district head quarters , important centers in
state and serves as main arteries for traffic
to and from district roads
NH and SH have same specifications with
regards to design speed and standards for
road geometrics.
 Major District Roads (MDR)
• Serves areas of production and markets
and have low specifications
 Other District Roads (ODR)
• Serves rural areas of production and
providing outlets to market centers, taluk
HQ and other main roads.
• These roads have lower specifications
than MDR
 Village Roads (VR)
• These connect villages or a group of
villages and nearest highway of higher
category or railway station. These roads
facilitate to transport goods and
agricultural inputs and outputs from
villages to near by town or highway thus
fulfilling transport requirements of
villagers.
 INSTITUTIONS IN THE
DEVELOPMENT TRANSPORT
SECTOR
• National Highways Development Authority
• Airports Authority of India
this was constituted by an act in 1988
passed in Parliament for entrusting the
responsibility of development,
maintenance and Management of National
Highways to it and for matters connected
or incidental thereto and made operational
in 1995
 NHAI Structure
• Expenditure secretary
• Planning secretary
• Road Transport Secretary
• Director General
 Empowerment
The NHAI has been entrusted with the NH projects
under loan schemes from funding agencies like
Asian Development Bank, Overseas Economic
Co-operation Fund and World Bank.
It is also responsible for construction and
maintenance of Golden Quadrilateral and North
South and East West corridors providing port
connectivity and also some selected projects like
Naini Bridge, Hapur By pass, Durg By pass etc.
 -continued
• Naini Bridge is a prestigious project of
294.7 Crores. A cable stayed Bridge is to
be constructed across Jamuna river on
NH27 connecting Naini with Allahabad
 Present Scenario
Indian Road Network comprises of
2. NH-65,569 km
3. SH- 1,31,899 km
4. MDR- 4,67,763 km
5. ODR+VR- 26,50,000 km
Total= 33,00,000 km (Approx.)
 -continued
• National Highways constitute less than 2%
length of Network, but carry 40% of total
commercial traffic (trucks).
• There is a shift in transportation mode
from towards Road sector
current status
Road Railways
Passenger 85% 15%
Freight 70% 30%
 -continued
A) primary Network →only 2-3% are 4 laned
15% single laned
B) Secondary Network suffers from severe
capacity constraints and lack of mobility
C) Tertiary Network
- connectivity not adequate
- 40% inhabitants not connected by all
weather roads
 Government Policy
Aimed at attracting private investments and
supports in the following aspects
• Govt. will carryout all preparatory work
including land acquisition and utility removal.
Right of way to be made available to
concessionaires free from all encumbrances.
(ROW- Land that is acquired for construction
empowered with Govt.)
• NHAI and Govt. of India (GOI) will provide
capital grant up to 40% of project cost to
enhance viability on a case to case basis
 -continued

3.100% tax exemption for 5 years and 30% relief

for nest 5 years which may be availed in 20
years
4.Concession period allowed up to 30 years
5.Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996 based on
actual provisions (UNICITRAL)
6.In BOT projects entrepreneurs are allowed to
collect and retain tolls
7.Duty free import of specified modern high
capacity equipment for highway construction
 Fund Requirement
For completing both GQ and NSEW corridor
projects, the funds generated are as
follows based on 1999 price levels
• Cess 20,000 Cr
• WB/ADB 20,000 Cr
• Market Borrowings 12,000 Cr
• Private Sector 6,000 Cr
Total 56,000 Cr
 Financing Mechanism
Through Budgetary allocations from GoI
Cess: it was introduced on petrol and diesel to collect 2,000
Crores per annum. It was to be exclusively utilized only
for modern road building activities exclusive of CRF to
the following programmes.
3. Construction and maintenance of SH by Govts.
4. Development of Rural roads by State Govt.
5. Construction of Rail over Bridge by Indian Railways
6. Construction and maintenance of NH by NHDP and
Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
 -continued
• Cess contributes 5-6 thousand Crores per
annum towards NHDP.
• Loan assistance is available from
multilateral development agencies like
ADB/WB/ other Overseas lending
agencies like Japanese Bank of
International Co- operation
• NHAI proposes to tap the market by
Securities Cess receipts
 Private Sector Participation
• Govt. intends to attract foreign as well as
domestic private investments and some
projects are offered on BOT to private
agencies. After the concession period,
which can go up to 30 years, the road is to
be transferred back to NHAI by the
concessionary
 NHAI mandate
Primary mandate is time and cost bound
implementation of NHDP projects through
hosts of funding options including from
external multilateral agencies like World
Bank ,ADB,JBIC etc. It aims at
strengthening and four laning of high
density corridors of around 13,146 km
comprising
 -continued
• GQ 5486 km connecting Delhi-Kanya Kumari-
Calcutta –Mumbai
• NSEW corridor of 7,300 km connecting Kashmir
to Kanya kumari and Silchar to Porbandar
• Providing road connectivity to major Ports
• Involving the private sector in financing the
construction , maintenance and Operation of NH
and wayside amenities
Improvement maintenance and management of
the existing NH network
 -continued
• Improvement of road safety measures and
environment management
• Introducing IT in construction,
maintenance and all operation of NHAI
 Projects completed
work mainly comprises of strengthening and
four laning of high density corridors around
13,146 km
this comprises GQ 5846 Km connecting
DKCM
NH2 Delhi Kolkata 1453 km
NH4, NH7 and NH47 Chennai- Mumbai
1290 km
 -continued
• NH5 and Nh6 Kolkata and Chennai 1684
km
• NH8 Delhi-Mumbai 1419 km
• Other than GQ NSEW corridors-7,300 km
connecting Kashmir to Kanya Kumari
including Salem-Kochin and Silchar to
porbandar
 Agencies Involved in Road
Construction and Specifications
• Indian Road Construction Corporation Ltd-
IRCC New Delhi
• National Institute for Training for Highway
Engineers (NITE) New Delhi
• Indian Roads Congress (IRC)
• Indian National Group of the International
Association for Bridge and Structural
Engineering
End