Energy Conservation (Bernoullis Equation)

If one integrates Eulers eqn. along a streamline, between two points , &
Which gives us the Bernoullis Equation
Constant
2 2
2
2
2 2
1
2
1 1
= + + = + + gz
V p
gz
V p

Flow work + kinetic energy + potential energy = constant
0
2
1
2
1
2
1
= + +
} } }
gdz VdV
dp

0 = + + gdz VdV
dp

Recall Eulers equation:

Also recall that viscous forces were neglected, i.e. flow is invisicd
We get :
Bernoullis Equation (Continued)
p
A
Ax
|
.
|

\
|
A
A
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
A
A
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
A
A
=
A
A
t
W
AV
p
p
AV
t
x
A
p
t
x pA
t
W

1
,
Flow Work (p/) :
It is the work required to move fluid across the control volume boundaries.
Consider a fluid element of cross-sectional area
A with pressure p acting on the control surface
as shown.
Due to the fluid pressure, the fluid element moves a distance Ax within
time At. Hence, the work done per unit time AW/At (flow power) is:
Flow work per unit mass
Flow work or Power
1/mass flow rate
pv
p
=

Flow work is often also referred to as flow energy

t) unit weigh per (energy g where ,
2 2
2
2
2 2
1
2
1 1


= + + = + + z
g
V p
z
g
V p
Very Important: Bernoullis equation is only valid for :
incompressible fluids, steady flow along a streamline, no energy loss due
to friction, no heat transfer.
Application of Bernoullis equation - Example 1:
Determine the velocity and mass flow rate of efflux from the circular
hole (0.1 m dia.) at the bottom of the water tank (at this instant). The
tank is open to the atmosphere and H=4 m
H
1
2
p
1
= p
2
, V
1
=0
) / ( 5 . 69
) 85 . 8 ( ) 1 . 0 (
4
* 1000
) / ( 85 . 8 4 * 8 . 9 * 2
2 ) ( 2
2
2 1 2
s kg
AV m
s m
gH z z g V
=
= =
= =
= =
t

Bernoullis Equation (Cont)
Bernoullis Eqn/Energy Conservation (cont.)
Example 2: If the tank has a cross-sectional area of 1 m
2
, estimate the time
required to drain the tank to level 2.
h(t)
1
2
First, choose the control volume as enclosed
by the dotted line. Specify h=h(t) as the water
level as a function of time.
From Bernoulli' s equation, V = 2gh
From mass conservation,
dm
dt
since
dh
h
integrate
h(t) = H
=
= = =
= =
= =

A V
m A h
dh
dt
A
A
V gh
dh
dt
h dt
t h t
hole
k
hole
k
drain
tan
tan
,
( . )
. , . ,
. , , sec.
01
1
2
0 0443 0 0443
0 0215 0 93
2
2
0 20 40 60 80 100
0
1
2
3
4
time (sec.)
w
a
t
e
r

h
e
i
g
h
t

(
m
)

4
2.5e-007
h ( ) t
100 0 t
sec 90.3 t
0.0443t - 2
0
4
=
= h
Energy exchange (conservation) in a thermal system
1
2
1 1
2
z
g
V p
+ +

2
2
2 2
2
z
g
V p
+ +

Energy added, h
A

(ex. pump, compressor)
Energy extracted, h
E

(ex. turbine, windmill)
Energy lost, h
L

(ex. friction, valve, expansion)
pump
turbine
heat exchanger
condenser
h
E

h
A

h
L
, friction loss
through pipes
h
L

loss through
elbows
h
L

loss through
valves
Energy conservation(cont.)
2
2
2 2
1
2
1 1
2 2
z
g
V p
h h h z
g
V p
L E A
+ + = + + +

Example: Determine the efficiency of the pump if the power input of the motor
is measured to be 1.5 hp. It is known that the pump delivers 300 gal/min of water.
Mercury (
m
=844.9 lb/ft
3
)
water (
w
=62.4 lb/ft
3)
1 hp=550 lb-ft/s

No turbine work and frictional losses, hence: h
E
=h
L
=0. Also z
1
=z
2

6-in dia. pipe
4-in dia.pipe Given: Q=300 gal/min=0.667 ft
3
/s=AV
V
1
= Q/A
1
=3.33 ft/s V
2
=Q/A
2
=7.54 ft/s
kinetic energy head gain

V V
g
ft
2
2
1
2 2 2
2
7 54 3 33
2 32 2
0 71

=

=
( . ) ( . )
* .
. ,
p z z p z z
p p z
lb ft
w o m w o w
m w
1 2
2 1
2
9 62 125 97813
+ + = + +
=
= =

( )
(844. .4)* . . /
pump
Z=15 in
1 2
z
o

If energy is added, removed or lost via pumps turbines, friction, etc.then we use
Extended Bernoullis Equation
Looking at the pressure term:
Energy conservation (cont.)
Example (cont.)
Pressure head gain:
pump work
p p
ft
h
p p V V
g
ft
w
A
w
2 1
2 1 2
2
1
2
97813
62
15 67
2
16 38

= =
=

+

=

.
.4
. ( )
. ( )
Flow power delivered by pump
P =
Efficiency =
P
P
w
input

q
Qh
ft lb s
hp ft lb s
P hp
A
=
=
=
=
= = =
( .4)( . )( . )
. ( / )
/
.
.
.
. .
62 0 667 16 38
6817
1 550
124
124
15
0 827 82 7%
Frictional losses in piping system
loss head frictional
2 2
equation, s Bernoulli' Extended
2 1
2
2
2 2
1
2
1 1
= =
A
=

+ + = + + +
L
L E A
h
p p p
z
g
V p
h h h z
g
V p


P
1

P
2

Consider a laminar, fully developed circular pipe flow
p
P+dp
t
w

Darcys Equation:
R: radius, D: diameter
L: pipe length
t
w
: wall shear stress
[ ( )]( ) ( ) ,
,
p p dp R R dx
dp
R
dx
p p p
h
g
L
D
f
L
D
V
g
w
w
L
w
+ =
=
=

= =
F
H
I
K
=
F
H
I
K
F
H
G
I
K
J
t t t
t

t

2
1 2
2
2
2
4
2
Pressure force balances frictional force
integrate from 1 to 2
where f is defined as frictional factor characterizing
pressure loss due to pipe wall shear stress
A
t

w
f V
=
F
H
I
K
F
H
G
I
K
J
4 2
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2 4
2
V f
w

t
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
g
V
D
L
f
D
L
g
h
w
L
2
4
2

t
When the pipe flow is laminar, it can be shown (not here) that
by recognizing that as Reynolds number
Therefore, frictional factor is a function of the Reynolds number
Similarly, for a turbulent flow, f = function of Reynolds number also
. Another parameter that influences the friction is the surface
roughness as relativeto the pipe diameter
D
Such that
D
Pipe frictional factor is a function of pipe Reynolds
number and the relative roughness of pipe.
This relation is sketched in the Moody diagram as shown in the following page.
The diagram shows f as a function of the Reynolds number (Re), with a series of
parametric curves related to the relative roughness
D
f
VD
VD
f
f F
f F
= =
=
=
=
F
H
I
K
F
H
I
K
64
64

c
c
c
, Re ,
Re
,
(Re)
.
Re, :
.
|
.
|

\
|
=
D
F f
c
Re,
D
c
Losses in Pipe Flows
Major Losses: due to friction, significant head loss is associated with the straight
portions of pipe flows. This loss can be calculated using the Moody chart or
Colebrook equation.

Minor Losses: Additional components (valves, bends, tees, contractions, etc) in
pipe flows also contribute to the total head loss of the system. Their contributions
are generally termed minor losses.

The head losses and pressure drops can be characterized by using the loss coefficient,
K
L
, which is defined as


One of the example of minor losses is the entrance flow loss. A typical flow pattern
for flow entering a sharp-edged entrance is shown in the following page. A vena
contracta region is formed at the inlet because the fluid can not turn a sharp corner.
Flow separation and associated viscous effects will tend to decrease the flow energy;
the phenomenon is fairly complicated. To simplify the analysis, a head loss and the
associated loss coefficient are used in the extended Bernoullis equation to take into
consideration this effect as described in the next page.
K
h
V g
p
p K V
L
L
L
V
= = =
2 2
1
2
2
2
1
2
/
,
A
A

so that
1
2 0
3 7
2 51
f f
D
= +
F
H
G
I
K
J
. log
.
.
Re
,
c
valid for nonlaminar range
Minor Loss through flow entrance
V
2
V
3

V
1
(1/2)V
2
2 (1/2)V
3
2
K
L
(1/2)V
3
2
pp

gh
K
z z g
K
V V p p p
g
V
K h z
g
V p
h z
g
V p
L
L
L L L
+
=
+
= ~ = =
= + + = + +

1
2
) ( 2 (
1
1
, 0 ,
2
,
2 2
: Equation s Bernoulli' Extended
3 1 3 1 3 1
2
3
3
2
3 3
1
2
1 1

gz
V
p

+ +
2
2
Energy Conservation (cont.)
Let us now also account for energy transfer via Heat Transfer, e.g. in
a heat exchanger
The most general form of conservation of energy for a system can be
written as: dE = dQ-dW where (Ch. 3, YAC)
dE Change in Total Energy, E
and E = U(internal energy)+E
m
(mechanical energy) (Ch. 1 YAC)
E = U + KE (kinetic energy) + PE(potential energy)

dW Work done by the systemwhere
W = W
ext
(external work) + W
flow
(flow work)

dQ = Heat transfer into the system(via conduction, convection & radiation)

Convention: dQ > 0 net heat transfer into the system (Symbols Q,q..)
dW > 0, positive work done by the system

Q: What is Internal Energy ?

mechanical
energy
Energy Conservation (cont.)
U = mu, u(internal energy per unit mass),
KE = (1/2)mV
2
and PE = mgz
Flow work W
flow
= m (p/)

It is common practice to combine the total energy with flow work.
Thus:
The difference between energy in and out is due to heat transfer (into or out)
and work done (by or on) the system.
Energy flow rate: m(u +
V
2
plus Flow work rate m
p
Flow energy in Energy out =
2

)

( ) , ( )
+
F
H
G
I
K
J
= + + + + + +
gz
m u
p V
gz m u
p V
gz
in in out out

2 2
2 2
|
|
.
|

\
|

p
Energy Conservation (cont.)
( ) m u
p V
gz
in in
+ + +

2
2
( ) m u
p V
gz
in out
+ + +

2
2
Heat in, =dQ/dt
Work out dW/dt
From mass conservation:
From the First law of Thermodynamics (Energy Conservation):
dQ
dt
or
dQ
dt
where is defined as "enthaply"

( ) ( ) ,
( ) ( )
m m m
m u
p V
gz m u
p V
gz
dW
dt
m h
V
gz m h
V
gz
dW
dt
h u
p
in out
in out
in out
= =
+ + + + = + + + +
+ + + = + + +
= +

2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
Q

Hence, a system exchanges energy with the environment due to:

1) Flow in/out 2) Heat Transfer, Q and 3) Work, W
This energy exchange is governed by the First Law of Thermodynamics
system
Enthalpy
Conservation of Energy Application
Example: Superheated water vapor enters a steam turbine at a mass flow rate
1 kg/s and exhausting as saturated steam as shown. Heat loss from the turbine is
10 kW under the following operating condition. Determine the turbine power output.
P=1.4 Mpa
T=350 C
V=80 m/s
z=10 m
P=0.5 Mpa
100% saturated steam
V=50 m/s
z=5 m
10 kw
From superheated vapor tables:
h
in
=3149.5 kJ/kg
From saturated steam tables: h
out
=2748.7 kJ/kg
dQ
dt
+ + + = + + +
= +
+

+

= + + +
=
( ) ( )
( ) ( )[( . . )
( )
( . )( )
]
. . .
. ( )
m h
V
gz m h
V
gz
dW
dt
dW
dt
kW
in out
2 2
2 2
2 2
10 1 3149 5 2748 7
80 50
2 1000
9 8 10 5
1000
10 400 8 195 0 049
392 8
Internal Energy ?

Internal energy, U (total) or u (per unit mass) is the sum of all
microscopic forms of energy.
It can be viewed as the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of the
molecules
Due to the vibrational, translational and rotational energies of the moelcules.
Proportional to the temperature of the gas.
Q total heat transfer (J)

rate of total heat transfer (J/s, W)

q heat transfer per unit mass (J/kg)

Heat Flux, heat transfer per unit area (J/m
2
)

Q

Q, q ?!%
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