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Circulatory System
Venules - collect and drain blood into veins Veins - return blood to heart
Composed of three layers (tunics) Tunica intima composed of simple squamous epithelium Tunica media sheets of smooth muscle Tunica externa composed of connective tissue Lumen - central blood-filled space of a vessel
Contraction vasoconstriction Relaxation vasodilation
Structural Differences
Arteries have thicker tunica media and narrower lumens Veins have thicker tunica externa Arteries have more elastic and collagen fibers Veins have larger lumens and valves
Types Of Arteries
Diameters range from 2.5 cm to 1 cm Includes the aorta and its major branches Sometimes called conducting arteries High elastin content dampens surge of blood pressure
Types Of Arteries
Types Of Arteries
Arterioles
Smallest arteries Diameters range from 0.3 mm to 10 m Larger arterioles possess all three tunics Diameter of arterioles controlled by:
Smallest blood vessels Diameter from 810 m Red blood cells pass through single file Endothelial cells held together by tight junctions and desmosomes Routes into and out of capillaries Direct diffusion Through intercellular clefts - gaps of unjoined membrane where
small molecules can enter and exit Through fenestrations - pores
Capillaries
Capillaries
Lungs oxygen enters blood, carbon dioxide leaves Small intestines receive digested nutrients Endocrine glands pick up hormones Kidneys removal of nitrogenous wastes
Tendons and ligaments poorly vascularized Epithelia and cartilage avascular, receive nutrients from nearby CT
Capillaries
Three types of capillary Continuous most common Fenestrated have pores Sinusoids
Sinusoids
Wide, leaky capillaries found in some organs Usually fenestrated Have large diameters Intercellular clefts are wide open Occur in bone marrow, liver, spleen and lymphoid tissue
Capillary Beds
An interconnected network of vessels running through tissues Consists of: Collateral arteries feeding an arteriole Metarterioles Arteriovenous anastomoses Capillaries Venules
Capillary Beds
Veins
Conduct blood from capillaries toward the heart Blood pressure is much lower than in arteries Smallest veins called venules
Role Of Veins
To return blood to the heart, veins have special adaptations Large-diameter lumens, which offer little resistance to flow Valves (resembling semilunar heart valves), which prevent backflow of
blood Skeletal muscle pump - muscles press against thin-walled veins
Pulmonary Circulation
Consists of blood vessels that take the blood to and from the lungs for
the purpose of gas exchange
Pulmonary Trunk: oxygen-poor blood leaves the right ventricle via the pulmonary trunk; large artery that branches to left and right pulmonary arteries Pulmonary Arteries : take the blood to the lung where oxygen is picked up and CO2 is left off Pulmonary Veins: blood returns to the heart via four pulmonary veins that go to the left atrium
Systemic Circulation
Consists of blood vessels that extend to and from the heart delivers oxygen and nutrients to body tissues picks up CO2 and waste products
Inferior mesenteric vein Superior mesenteric vein Small intestine Large intestine Rectum
(c)
Brachial artery
Descending aorta
(b)
Abdominal aorta
Popliteal artery
Figure 19.17
Systemic Veins
Three major veins enter the right atrium Superficial veins lie just beneath the skin Multivein bundles venous plexuses Unusual patterns of venous drainage
Jugular foramen
Right internal jugular vein
(b)
(a)
Cephalic vein
Antecubital Fossa
Form anastomese frequently Median cubital vein is used to obtain blood or administer IV fluids
Figure 19.22
Intercostal veins
7 8 9 10 11 12
Intercostal veins
Lumbar veins Gonadal (testicular or ovarian) veins Renal veins Suprarenal veins Hepatic veins
Left suprarenal vein Renal veins Left ascending lumbar vein Lumbar veins Left gonadal vein Common iliac vein
Deep veins
Superficial veins
R. axillary
Superior vena cava runs from union of brachiocephalic veins behind manubrium to R. atrium R. atrium of heart
Diaphragm Inferior vena cava runs from junction of common iliac veins at L5 to R. atrium of heart R. suprarenal (L. suprarenal drains into L. renal vein) adrenal glands R. gonadal (L. gonadal drains into L. renal vein) testis or ovary R. common iliac pelvis and R. lower limb Veins of R. lower limb
L. and R. hepatic veins liver L. and R. renal veins kidneys Lumbar veins (several pairs) posterior abdominal wall
(a)