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Blood Vessels

Circulatory System

Three basic components:

Heart - serves as pump that establishes the


pressure gradient needed for blood to flow to tissues Blood - transport medium within which materials being transported are dissolved or suspended Blood vessels - passageways through which blood is distributed from heart to all parts of body and back to heart

Types Of Blood Vessels


Arteries carry blood away from the heart Capillaries smallest blood vessels The site of exchange of molecules between blood and tissue fluid Veins carry blood toward the heart
arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins

Functions Of Blood Vessels



Arteries - carry blood away from heart Arterioles - small arteries that deliver blood to
capillaries

Capillaries thin walled vessels allow for


exchange between blood and tissue cells

Venules - collect and drain blood into veins Veins - return blood to heart

Composed of three layers (tunics) Tunica intima composed of simple squamous epithelium Tunica media sheets of smooth muscle Tunica externa composed of connective tissue Lumen - central blood-filled space of a vessel

Contraction vasoconstriction Relaxation vasodilation

Structure Of Blood Vessels

Structural Differences

Arteries have thicker tunica media and narrower lumens Veins have thicker tunica externa Arteries have more elastic and collagen fibers Veins have larger lumens and valves

Types Of Arteries

Elastic arteries the largest arteries

Diameters range from 2.5 cm to 1 cm Includes the aorta and its major branches Sometimes called conducting arteries High elastin content dampens surge of blood pressure

Types Of Arteries

Muscular (distributing) arteries



Lie distal to elastic arteries Diameters range from 1 cm to 0.3 mm Includes most named arteries Tunica media is thick Unique features Internal and external elastic laminae

Types Of Arteries
Arterioles

Smallest arteries Diameters range from 0.3 mm to 10 m Larger arterioles possess all three tunics Diameter of arterioles controlled by:

Local factors in the tissues Sympathetic nervous system

Smallest blood vessels Diameter from 810 m Red blood cells pass through single file Endothelial cells held together by tight junctions and desmosomes Routes into and out of capillaries Direct diffusion Through intercellular clefts - gaps of unjoined membrane where
small molecules can enter and exit Through fenestrations - pores

Capillaries

Capillaries

Site-specific functions of capillaries

Lungs oxygen enters blood, carbon dioxide leaves Small intestines receive digested nutrients Endocrine glands pick up hormones Kidneys removal of nitrogenous wastes

Tendons and ligaments poorly vascularized Epithelia and cartilage avascular, receive nutrients from nearby CT

Capillaries

Three types of capillary Continuous most common Fenestrated have pores Sinusoids

Sinusoids
Wide, leaky capillaries found in some organs Usually fenestrated Have large diameters Intercellular clefts are wide open Occur in bone marrow, liver, spleen and lymphoid tissue

Capillary Beds
An interconnected network of vessels running through tissues Consists of: Collateral arteries feeding an arteriole Metarterioles Arteriovenous anastomoses Capillaries Venules

Capillary Beds

Precapillary sphincters - regulate the flow of blood to tissues

Veins

Conduct blood from capillaries toward the heart Blood pressure is much lower than in arteries Smallest veins called venules

Diameters from 8 100 m Smallest venules called


postcapillary venules

Venules join to form veins

Role Of Veins
To return blood to the heart, veins have special adaptations Large-diameter lumens, which offer little resistance to flow Valves (resembling semilunar heart valves), which prevent backflow of
blood Skeletal muscle pump - muscles press against thin-walled veins

Pulmonary Circulation
Consists of blood vessels that take the blood to and from the lungs for
the purpose of gas exchange

Pulmonary Trunk: oxygen-poor blood leaves the right ventricle via the pulmonary trunk; large artery that branches to left and right pulmonary arteries Pulmonary Arteries : take the blood to the lung where oxygen is picked up and CO2 is left off Pulmonary Veins: blood returns to the heart via four pulmonary veins that go to the left atrium

Systemic Circulation

Consists of blood vessels that extend to and from the heart delivers oxygen and nutrients to body tissues picks up CO2 and waste products

The Aorta And Vena Cava



Ascending aorta arises from the left ventricle branches to form coronary arteries Aortic arch lies posterior to the manubrium branches to form Brachiocephalic trunk Left common carotid Left subclavian arteries Descending aorta continues from the aortic arch Thoracic aorta in the region of T5T12 Abdominal aorta ends at L4 Divides into right and left common iliac arteries

Superior/Inferior vena cava returns

blood from the systemic veins to the heart

The Hepatic Portal System



A specialized part of the vascular circuit Picks up digested nutrients Delivers nutrients to the liver for processing

Veins Of The Hepatic Portal System


Hepatic veins
Liver Hepatic portal vein Gastric veins Spleen

Inferior vena cava Splenic vein

Inferior mesenteric vein Superior mesenteric vein Small intestine Large intestine Rectum

Cerebral Arterial Circle (Circle Of Willis)



Circle equalizes blood pressure in the brain and can provide alternative channels if one vessel becomes blocked The circle is formed from : posterior cerebral arteries, posterior communicating arteries, internal carotid arteries, anterior cerebral arteries, and anterior communicating arteries
Anterior Cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) Anterior communicating artery Middle cerebral artery Internal carotid artery Anterior cerebral artery Posterior communicating artery Posterior cerebral artery Basilar artery Vertebral artery Posterior

(c)

Arteries Of The Right Upper Limb And Thorax


Vertebral artery Common carotid arteries Right subclavian artery Left subclavian artery Left axillary artery Brachiocephalic trunk

Suprascapular artery Axillary artery

Brachial artery

Anterior intercostal artery

Radial artery Ulnar artery

Descending aorta

(b)

Arteries Of The Head And Neck, Right Aspect

Internal carotid artery External carotid artery Common carotid artery

Subclavian artery Axillary artery (a)

Brachiocephalic trunk Internal thoracic artery

Major Branches Of The Abdominal Aorta


Diaphragm

Adrenal gland Celiac trunk Kidney

Suprarenal artery Renal artery Superior mesenteric artery Gonadal artery

Abdominal aorta

Inferior mesenteric artery Common iliac artery

The Celiac Trunk And Its Main Branches


Liver Inferior vena cava Celiac trunk

Left gastric artery

Common hepatic artery Right gastric artery

Splenic artery Spleen

Abdominal aorta (b)

Superior mesenteric artery

Arteries Of The Right Pelvis And Lower Limb


Common iliac artery Internal iliac artery External iliac artery Popliteal artery Anterior tibial artery Femoral artery Posterior tibial artery Fibular artery

Popliteal artery

Anterior tibial artery Posterior tibial artery Fibular artery

(b) Posterior view

(a) Anterior view

Flow Chart Summarizing Main Systemic Arteries

Figure 19.17

Systemic Veins

Three major veins enter the right atrium Superficial veins lie just beneath the skin Multivein bundles venous plexuses Unusual patterns of venous drainage

Dural sinuses Hepatic portal system

Venae Cavae and Tributaries

Superior vena cava

Returns blood from body regions superior to the


diaphragm

Inferior vena cava

Returns blood from body regions inferior to the


diaphragm

Superior and inferior vena cava

Join the right atrium

Major veins of the systemic circulation.


Dural sinuses External jugular vein Vertebral vein Internal jugular vein Superior vena cava Axillary vein Great cardiac vein Hepatic veins Hepatic portal vein Superior mesenteric vein Inferior vena cava Ulnar vein Radial vein Digital veins Common iliac vein External iliac vein Femoral vein Great saphenous vein Popliteal vein Posterior tibial vein Anterior tibial vein Fibular vein Subclavian vein Right and left brachiocephalic veins Cephalic vein Brachial vein Basilic vein Splenic vein Median cubital vein Renal vein Inferior mesenteric vein

Internal iliac vein

Dural Sinuses In The Cranium


Superior sagittal sinus Falx cerebri Inferior sagittal sinus Straight sinus Cavernous sinus Junction of sinuses Transverse sinuses Sigmoid sinus

Jugular foramen
Right internal jugular vein

(b)

Veins of the head and Neck


Ophthalmic vein Superficial temporal vein Facial vein Occipital vein Posterior auricular vein External jugular vein Vertebral vein Internal jugular vein Superior and middle thyroid veins Brachiocephalic vein Subclavian vein Superior vena cava

(a)

Veins Of The Right Upper Limb And Thorax Wall


Right subclavian vein Axillary vein Brachial vein Cephalic vein Basilic vein Internal jugular vein External jugular vein Brachiocephalic veins Left subclavian vein Superior vena cava Azygos vein Accessory hemiazygos vein Hemiazygos vein Posterior intercostals Inferior vena cava Ascending lumbar vein Median vein of the forearm Basilic vein Ulnar vein Radial vein Deep palmar venous arch Superficial palmar venous arch Digital veins (a)

Median cubital vein

Cephalic vein

Antecubital Fossa

Form anastomese frequently Median cubital vein is used to obtain blood or administer IV fluids

Figure 19.22

Veins Of The Right Upper Limb And Thorax Wall


Brachiocephalic veins Superior vena cava 1 2 3 4 5 6

Left superior intercostal vein Azygos vein

Accessory hemiazygos vein


Hemiazygos vein

Intercostal veins

7 8 9 10 11 12

Intercostal veins

Ascending lumbar vein Renal vein

Inferior vena cava (b)

Veins of the Abdomen

Lumbar veins Gonadal (testicular or ovarian) veins Renal veins Suprarenal veins Hepatic veins

Tributaries Of The Inferior Vena Cava

Hepatic veins Inferior vena cava Right suprarenal vein

Inferior phrenic vein

Left suprarenal vein Renal veins Left ascending lumbar vein Lumbar veins Left gonadal vein Common iliac vein

Right gonadal vein

External iliac vein

Internal iliac vein

Dissection of the posterior abdominal wall


Right Left Diaphragm Hepatic veins Inferior vena cava

Renal veins Abdominal aorta

Common iliac veins

Veins of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs

Deep veins

Share the name of the accompanying artery

Superficial veins

Great saphenous vein empties into the femoral

vein Small saphenous vein empties into the popliteal vein

Veins Of The Right Lower Limb And Pelvis


Common iliac vein Internal iliac vein External iliac vein Inguinal ligament Femoral vein Great saphenous vein (superficial) Great saphenous vein Popliteal vein Fibular (peroneal) vein Anterior tibial vein Dorsalis pedis vein Dorsal venous arch Metatarsal veins (a) (b) Popliteal vein Anterior tibial vein Fibular (peroneal) vein Small saphenous vein (superficial) Posterior tibial vein Plantar veins Plantar arch Digital veins

Flowchart Summarizing The Main Veins


Veins of R. upper limb R. External jugular R. vertebral Intracranial superficial cervical spinal dural sinuses head and neck cord and vertebrae R. subclavian R. head, neck, and upper limb R. internal jugular dural sinuses of the brain Same as R. brachiocephalic

R. axillary

R. brachiocephalic R. side of head and R. upper limb

L. brachiocephalic L. side of head and L. upper limb


Azygos system drains much of thorax

Superior vena cava runs from union of brachiocephalic veins behind manubrium to R. atrium R. atrium of heart

Diaphragm Inferior vena cava runs from junction of common iliac veins at L5 to R. atrium of heart R. suprarenal (L. suprarenal drains into L. renal vein) adrenal glands R. gonadal (L. gonadal drains into L. renal vein) testis or ovary R. common iliac pelvis and R. lower limb Veins of R. lower limb

L. and R. hepatic veins liver L. and R. renal veins kidneys Lumbar veins (several pairs) posterior abdominal wall

L. common iliac pelvis and L. lower limb Veins of L. lower limb

(a)

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