APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN EDIBLE OILS AND FAT INDUSTRY

Introduction
Nano is derived from the Greek word for dwarf Nanotechnology can be referred as the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 -100 nm At the nano-scale, the laws of chemistry and physics work differently and materials develop unique properties not seen at normal particle size Eg., Opaque materials, such as copper and zinc, become transparent Stable materials, such as aluminum become explosive Solids such as gold turn into liquids Two types of nanoparticles: Fine particle 100 2500 nanometers (nm) Ultrafine 1 100 nm

PROCESS
EXTRACTION
Physical (heat, pressing) Chemical (hexane)

PROCESS
Demerits of solvent extraction:
Solvent recovery uses expensive (double-effect evaporation and steam stripping) methods. High energy consumption. Aroma, flavor loss taking place in heat treatments. Vigorous heating can lead to production of undesirable components like PAH. Operational difficulties and associated hazards to labors and environment.

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN OIL EXTRACTION

Use of microemulsions is GREEN approach. Tongcumpou et al., 2009.
Study introduced a novel technique using surfactant microemulsion-based oil seed extraction. Two surfactants used were, Alfoterra145 (sodium alkyl polypropylene oxide sulfate, (R(PO)xSO4Na, R : C14-15, x: 5 or 8, 29% activity), anionic nature. Comperlan KD (coconut fatty acid diethanolamine, 98% activity), non-anionic.

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN OIL EXTRACTION

The results showed that the efficiencies of oil extraction from both the microemulsion-based systems were statistically the same as the hexane extraction.

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN OIL EXTRACTION

Also the quality aspects when determined and compared with that of hexane extracted oil, the micro-emulsion based extraction was found to give better quality oil.
Parameters (wt %) Hexane extraction Extraction with
microemulsion

Water in oil C12 C14 C16

0.385 49.41 17.56 9.24

0.191 49.52 17.44 9.17

C18:0
C18:1 C18:2

2.73
18.18 2.88

2.74
18.21 2.92

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN OIL EXTRACTION

Solvent recovery by Nano-filtration Advantages of membrane filtration: Separation can be performed at room temperature and therefore it is adequate for heat-sensitive products, yielding a better quality product. Operating, maintenance and manufacturing costs are lower than those of heat processes. use can be carried out in a continuous or discontinuous way and it allows combination with other processes

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN OIL EXTRACTION

Solvent recovery by Nano-filtration
OIL

P/T Membrane material condition s

Porous alumina anodisc (ceramic) 20nm, 1m

Oil in feed (%)

Oil rejectio n

References

soybean oil

4 kg/cm2
15 bar, 450C
7 bar, 22 0C

33%

94%

Wu and Lee, 1999 Ribeiro et al., 2006 Stafie et al., 2004 Cai Weibin et al., 2011

polysulfone and soybean oil polysulfone/polyam ide polyacrylonitrilesunflower polydimethylsiloxan oil e (PAN/PDMS) soybean oil Zeolite PDMS/PVDF composite

33%

67.12%

30%

80-96%

1.7 MPa

35%

96%

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN OIL EXTRACTION

Solvent recovery by Nano-filtration Demerits of Membrane Filtration Challenge for organic solvent nanofiltration membranes is to achieve a membrane having high both, solvent compatibility and lifetime (Silva et al, 2008). The main problem in NF is the membrane stability when organic solvents are used as nonaqueous media (ethanol, acetone, hexane, etc.).

DEACIDIFICATION
Principle Selectivity of polymeric hydrophilic nanofiltration (NF) membranes to allow permeation of FFAs is the basis of the process. The differences in molecular size, solubility, diffusivity and polarity between triacylglycerols and FFAs are important parameters.

DEACIDIFICATION
Membrane properties High oil retention Adequate permeate flux Mechanical, thermal and chemical resistances It should have low free fatty acid (FFA) retention.

DEACIDIFICATION
Oil Membrane TMP/T Permeate flux Oil retention (Lm-2h-1) (%) FFA removal (%) references

Veg. oil

PEBAX

2 MPA

140

95%

98%

Zwijnenberg et al., 1999

Soybean oil

PVDF-12% siloxane composite

20 bar, 30 0C

20.3

80%

58%

Firman et al., 2012

Olive oil

UF Carbosep M1

Bottino et al., 2008

DEGUMMING
By water, acid and enzyme. Significance of process:
This process is commonly done to recover phosphatides to make lecithin & also to remove materials that can settle out during shipment or storage of pure oil. Gum sludge material is processed into lecithin, after drying & bleaching, or added back to wet bean meal. Lecithin is used in food due to its wetting, emulsifying, colloidal, antioxidant & physiological properties.

DEGUMMING
DISADVANTAGES OF CONVENTIONAL METHODS Gentle heating is time consuming. High energy requirements. High waste generation, hence waste treatment cost increases. Need control so as to not allow air into the process. Chances of getting hydrolytic rancidity in subsequent product. Enzymatic degumming is costly process.

Membrane in Degumming of oil

Advantage This technology enables the separation of compounds by differences in size and molecular weight, with pressure as the driving force, and without the use of chemical products. Membrane processing combines bleaching and degumming into a single energy-efficient step. Operating temperatures for membrane processing are lower than conventional processing. Reduced oil losses and bleaching earth requirements are other potential advantages of membrane processing (Koseoglu and Engelgau, 1990). Better product quality.

Membrane in Degumming of oil

Permeate Phospholipid flux (Lm-2h-1) retention (%) Oil retention (%)

Oil

Membrane

TMP/T

references

Corn oil

alumina multichannel ceramic membrane Microdyne polipropylene tube membrane

1.5 bar, 400C

120

93.5

De Souza et al., 2008

sunflowe r oil

5 bar, 400C

0.3-0.4 L/m3

77%

97%

Koris and Vatai, 2002

Palm oil

NTGS-2200

2 MPa, 400C

95-100

Subramania n et al., 2006.

HYDROGENATION
Demerits of Conventional hydrogenation: Side isomerization of some of the naturally occurring cis double bonds leading to trans-fatty acids (TFA) such as elaidic acid. This results in various adverse health effects such as,
Double the risk of heart attack. Interfere with vision in children. Correlate with the increase in prostate and breast cancer. Hinder liver detoxification. Interfere with reproduction in animals.

HYDROGENATION
Selective hydrogenation over modified nanostructured catalyst Belkacemi et al., 2006); and (Belkacemi and Hamoudi, 2009) New formulated Pd-catalyst using SBA-15 as a nanostructured silica support was studied Positive results were obtained with respect to
Retaintion of the mesoporous structure of its support. Good resistance of against structure collapsing. Excessive metal sintering. Increased adsorption. It produced less saturated acid and reached a better selectivity towards monoenes formation.

RECENT STUDIES
Rice Bran Oil: Nutritional enrichment (Sereewatthanawut et al., 2011)

NANOEMULSIONS
Physical properties different from those of microscale emulsion Nanoscale droplets dispersed in continuous phase Extreme shear
to rupture the droplets to overcome the effects of surface tension

Nanoemulsion
Interfacial tension can be reduced significantly by adding amphiphilic surface-active molecules, or surfactants Formation Ultrasonic emulsification High pressure homogenization Membrane Emulsiffication Factors: concentration of surfactant, shear stress

NANOEMULSIONS

Nanoencapsulation
incorporation of ingredients in small vesicles or walled material with nano sizes Creation of nano-carriers for hydrophobic nutraceuticals Benefits Increase in bioavailability Protection Optical transparency

Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids

Omega-6 are fatty acids derived from linoleic acid (LA, 18:2), also an essential fatty acid. They work with Omega-3 to promote health

Omega-3 and Omega-6 are precursors for the synthesis of eicosanoids hormone-like compounds, regulators of immune and inflammatory responses

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EPA and DHA

Major examples of long chain Omega-3 fatty acids EPA (20:5) DHA (22:6)
(Eicosapentaenoic Acid) (Docosahexaenoic Acid)

Lowers the level of cholesterol, cleans blood vessels, prevents stroke and irregularity of the heart

Maintains and improves human memory and learning behavior

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Nanoencapsulation : DHA
Beta-lactoglobulin and Pectin nanocomplex highest protection against oxidation to DHA Stress test Result: only about 510% loss during 100 h, compared to about 80% loss when the unprotected DHA Linoleic acid and vitamin D encapsulation

Nanoencapsulation : tocopherol
wheat gliadin nanoparticles for vitamin E encapsulation
mean size of the nanoparticle obtained was 900 nm.

The entrapment efficiency ranged from 77% to 95% Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) and Polyvinyl alcohol
encapsulated tocopherol could efficiently inhibit lipid oxidation in oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions. The particles were stable under simulated gastric and intestinal conditions.

Nanoencapsulation : Phytosterol
plant sterols, natural constituents of plants and are part of the broad group of isoprenoids Similar to Cholesterol Structure Added in margarine, cooking oil and spreads Reduction in Cholesterol absorption
daily intake of 2 grams of plant sterols or stanols similarly reduces LDL-cholesterol by 10%.

Nanoceramic Catalyst
Prevents autoxidation of deep-frying oil OilFresh - Catalytic device designed to prolong freshness of an oil Porous nanoceramic catalytic pellets contain silver Large surface area prevents oil from oxidizing and clumping

Enhanced heat conduction Eliminates foul smells (ionized Ag) Eliminates redundant fatty remnants

Properties contributing to nanotoxicity

Are more chemically reactive than larger particles Have greater access to our bodies than larger particles Enhanced toxicity due to greater bioavailability Can compromise our immune system response

Commercially Available Edible oil Products using Nanotechnology

Product Manufacturer Details Manufacturing country
Canola Active oil Shemen Ltd., Industries Nanomicelles with phytosterols to inhibit cholesterol absorption Nutralease Nutralease Ltd., Nano-sized assembled Liquids micelle lycopene, carotene, lutein, phytosterols, lipoic acid, CoQ10, and SelfStructured (NSSL) encapsulates beta-

Isreal

DHA/EPA

Introduction
Product Manufacturer Details Manufacturing country

Oilfresh 1000

Oilfresh

Designed to interact US with oil to enable consistent production of quality foods by

preserving
freshness

oil

Tip Top Bread

George Weston Foods

Contains microcapsules of

Australia

tuna fish oil high in

Omega-3 fatty acids

Conclusion
Nanotechnology is becoming increasingly important for the food sector In edible oil and fat industry nanotechnology have the potential to improve oil quality, nutritional benefits and extension of shelf life However, there are social and ethical issues of using nanotechnology in the food sector that must be considered

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