Hesss law

Hesss Law states that the heat of a whole reaction is equivalent to the sum of its steps. For example: C + O2 CO2 (pg. 165) The book tells us that this can occur as 2 steps C + O2 CO H = 110.5 kJ CO + O2 CO2 H = 283.0 kJ C + CO + O2 CO + CO2 H = 393.5 kJ I.e. C + O2 CO2 H = 393.5 kJ Hesss law allows us to add equations. We add all reactants, products, & H values. We can also show how these steps add together via an enthalpy diagram

Steps in drawing enthalpy diagrams

1. Balance the equation(s). 2. Sketch a rough draft based on H values. 3. Draw the overall chemical reaction as an enthalpy diagram (with the reactants on one line, and the products on the other line). 4. Draw a reaction representing the intermediate step by placing the relevant reactants on a line. 5. Check arrows: Start: two leading away Finish: two pointing to finish Intermediate: one to, one away 6. Look at equations to help complete balancing (all levels must have the same # of all atoms). 7. Add axes and H values.

C + O2 CO CO + O2 CO2 C + O2 CO2

H = 110.5 kJ H = 283.0 kJ H = 393.5 kJ C + O2

H = 110.5 kJ

Reactants Enthalpy
Intermediate

CO + O2
H = 393.5 kJ H = 283.0 kJ

Products

CO2

Note: states such as (s) and (g) have been ignored to reduce clutter on these slides. You should include these in your work.

Practice Exercise 6 (pg. 167) with Diagram

Using example 5.6 as a model, try PE 6. Draw the related enthalpy diagram.

C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) H= 1411.1 kJ 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) H= +1367.1 kJ C2H4(g) + H2O(l) C2H5OH(l) Reactants Products H= 44.0 kJ

H = 1411.1 kJ

Enthalpy

C2H4(g) + H2O(l) + 3O2(g) C2H5OH(l)+ 3O2(g) H=

H = +1367.1 kJ

44.0 kJ

Intermediate

2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)

5.51 (pg. 175)

GeO(s) Ge(s) + O2(g) H= + 255 kJ Ge(s) + O2(g) GeO2(s) H= 534.7 kJ

GeO(s) + O2(g) GeO2(s) Intermediate

Enthalpy Reactants Products

H= 279.7 kJ
Ge(s) + O2(g)

H = 534.7 kJ

H = + 255 kJ

GeO(s) + O2(g) GeO2(s)

H= 280 kJ

5.52 (pg. 175)

NO(g) N2(g) + O2(g) H= 90.37 kJ N2(g) + O2(g) NO2(g) H= + 33.8 kJ H= 56.57 kJ NO(g) + O2(g) NO2(g)

Reactants
Enthalpy
H = 90.37 kJ

NO + O2(g)
NO2(g)
H = +33.8 kJ H= 56.6 kJ

Products
Intermediate

N2(g) + O2(g)

Hesss law: Example 5.7 (pg. 166)

We may need to manipulate equations further: 2Fe + 1.5O2 Fe2O3 H=?, given Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2 H= 26.74 kJ CO + O2 CO2 H= 282.96 kJ 1: Align equations based on reactants/products. 2: Multiply based on final reaction. 3: Add equations. 2Fe + 3CO2 Fe2O3 + 3CO H= + 26.74 kJ CO + O2 CO2 H= 282.96 kJ 3CO + 1.5 O2 3CO2 H= 848.88 kJ
2Fe + 1.5O2 Fe2O3 H= 822.14 kJ
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Dont forget to add states. Try 5.55, 5.57, 5.58, 5.61 (pg. 175)