Learning Organic Chemistry

WHY YOU SHOULD STUDY ORGANIC CHEMISTRY?

TOP 10 REASONS
1. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY is recognised as an essential ingredient in the education of scientists in a wide range of field, particularly LIFE SCIENCES
2. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY is required for employment in the modern oil, pharmaceutical and chemical INDUSTRIES (make a major contribution to the economies of most countries) 3. To learn more about ORGANIC CHEMISTRY TECHNOLOGIES, e.g. the plastics, oil, textiles, communications, transportation, food production and processing, and drug industries. 4. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY is needed in dealing with problems of energy production, pollution, depletion of resources surround you daily 5. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY is considered to be right at the INTERFACE between the physical and biological sciences.

TOP 10 REASONS
6. To find out whats the big deal about CARBON. 7. To gain a good understanding of life AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL (i.e. for biochemistry, microbiology, molecular biology) 8. To learn organic chemistry "for understanding" rather than just memorisation to
achieve chemistry credits.

9. To learn how living organisms are capable of doing very complex REACTIONS efficiently , in the condition of limited number of organic compounds, in the
absence of strong acids and bases, high temperatures, & nasty solvents, with only limited production of wastes.

10. To find out how the spatial arrangements of those little ELECTRON clouds can ultimately determine the structure, reactivity that in turn controls the function of both small and huge organic molecules.

When you learn something Then you had better know its characteristic

So you can get the best of it

CHARACTERISTIC OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Relatively low factual content Understanding concepts essential Value of the subject lies in application of concepts (problem solving) The study of science, SUCH AS Organic chemistry, is cumulative and progressive;
i.e. knowledge learned at one level (or subject) is then applied at the next level (subject).

an introductory course in organic

Dr. Ir. Sukirno M.Eng

In the United States the word football refers to a game played with an oval-shaped ball that players pass with their hands or hold with their hands while they run with it. In England football refers to a game played with a round ball that players kick with their feet. (In the United States people call this game soccer.)

A word that means one thing to one person might mean something completely different to another person.

What the word ORGANIC MEANS to you ?

ANOTHER WORD IS ORGANIC

To many people organic means natural.
They say :

something natural like compost is organic fertilizer, . while human-made or synthetic fertilizers are not organic
In chemistry organic means carbon-based. To a chemist, an OC is any compound that contains carbon. That is, an organic compound is any compound whose molecules contain carbon atoms.

How in the world did this happen? Why do chemists use the word organic so differently from everyone else?

A long time ago the word organic was used to describe anything that came from an organismanything that came from a living thing.
Chemists who worked with substances found in living things were called organic chemists.

CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

Inorganic compounds
Those were obtained from mineral such as oxides, acids, carbonates, carbides
(simple carbon compounds, with molecular structures which do not contain carbon to carbon connections )

Organic compound
Those were obtained from vegetable and animal (Living Organism)

At that time, they preferred to direct their investigations toward inorganic materials that seemed more easily studied and more promising.

What organic chemists did, at that time? They learned how to turn plant and animal compounds into all kinds of other things

Around 1816 Michel Chevreul started a study of SOAPS made from various FATS and alkali. He separated the different acids from the fats, then He combined them with the alkali to produced the soaps. These works demonstrated that it was possible to make a chemical change in various fats, producing new compounds, without 'vital force'.

Soap still has something in common with plant and animal matter: their molecules were still made of carbon atoms.

So all the chemist are doing is taking apart its molecules and putting the atoms back together in different ways Or turn one substance into another

Organic chemists also figured out how to synthesize an animal compounds from nonliving materials. In 1827 a chemist named Friedrich Whler was playing with some mineral salts. He accidentally made urea, a compound found in urine

 In 1828 Friedrich Whler first manufactured the organic chemical urea (carbamide), a constituent of urine, from the inorganic ammonium cyanate NH4OCN

Most people have looked to this event as the turning point to the destruction of the theory of vital force.

 in 1856

A great next step was when William Henry Perkin, while trying to manufacture quinine, accidentally came to manufacture the ORGANIC DYE
a colored substance that has affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied

This works beside generating a huge amount of money, it greatly increased interest in organic chemistry.

 in 1874,
Another step was the laboratory preparation of DDT by Othmer Zeidler but the insecticide properties of this compound were not discovered until much later.

There was more to come. Petroleum is mostly carbon. Scientists learned how to make all kinds of other plant and animal compounds from it. For example, they made vitamins and sugars from petroleum. Organic chemists branched out even further. They started making new carbon-based materials from nonliving things. They made everything from gasoline to plastics out of petroleum

organic chemistry grew to be the chemistry of all carbon compounds, whether or not they came from living things. Petroleum, gasoline, and plastics are all carbon-based, and so they came to be considered organic by chemists.

 the first oil wells in Pennsylvania in 1859.

The history of organic chemistry continues with the discovery of petroleum and its separation into fractions according to boiling ranges. The conversion of different compound types or individual compounds by various chemical processes created the petroleum chemistry leading to the birth of the PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY, which successfully manufactured artificial rubbers, the various organic adhesives, the property-modifying petroleum additives, and plastics.

the last decade of the 19th century

The first time A DRUG was systematically improved was with arsphenamine (Salvarsan). Paul Ehrlich and his group systematically synthesized and tested numerous derivatives of the DANGEROUS TOXIC, and the compound with best effectiveness and toxicity characteristics was elected for production.

from the 20th century,

The progress of organic chemistry allowed for : SYNTHESIS OF MOLECULES DESIGNED WITH SPECIFIC PROPERTIES, as in drug design (The process of finding new synthesis routes for a given compounds is called total synthesis).

TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF COMPLEX NATURAL COMPOUNDS started with urea, increased in complexity to glucose and terpineol, and in 1907,
synthesis of complex human hormones and their modified derivatives, for example cholesterol-related compounds that benefits pharmaceutical industries.

the 20th century,

Complexity of total syntheses has been increasing, with examples such as vitamin B12. BIOCHEMISTRY, the chemistry of living organisms, their structure and interactions in vitro and inside living systems, has only started in the 20th century, opening up a brand new chapter of organic chemistry with enormous scope. Trends in organic chemistry include chiral synthesis, green chemistry, microwave chemistry, fullerenes and microwave spectroscopy

Organic chemicals are universal

So when we talk about organic chemists, were not talking about chemists who only use all-natural substances. Were talking about chemists who make and study compounds that are made of carbon, whether the compounds are natural or synthetic.

So here we are today, with the word organic meaning carbon-based to chemists. Theres a real reason for chemists to have their own meaning for the word organic, and it has to do with a concern in chemistry for how substances behave. A substance behaves or reacts the way it does because of the atoms its molecules are made of, and how they are put together. This means carbon-based compounds should behave differently from compounds based on other elements. Therefore, it is useful for chemists to group carbon-based compounds together because they are similar in a chemically interesting way.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY is also called CARBON CHEMISTRY

Organic compounds are always contained element carbon
definition

Organic chemistry is the chemistry of the compounds of carbon, which, in combination with many other elements (in particular H, N, O, S, P and the halogens) form million compounds.
The simplest organic chemicals, called hydrocarbons, contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms

 An organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon; (for historical reasons discussed below, a few types of compounds such as carbonates, carbon oxides and cyanides, as well as elemental carbon are considered inorganic.

Inorganic Compounds: NaCl - sodium chloride CO2 - carbon dioxide H2O - water NO2 - nitrogen dioxide HCl - hydrochloric acid CuCl2 - copper(II) chloride Fe2O3 - iron(III) oxide MgCl2 - magnesium chloride

Organic molecules contain both carbon and hydrogen. Though many organic chemicals also contain other elements, it is the carbonhydrogen bond that defines them as organic.

Organic chemistry defines life. There are organic chemicals that make up your hair, your skin, your fingernails, and so on.
The diversity of organic chemicals is due to the versatility of the carbon atom. Why is carbon such a special element? Let's look at its chemistry in a little more detail.

Carbon (C) appears in the second row of the periodic table and has four bonding electrons in its valence shell . Similar to other non-metals, carbon needs eight electrons to satisfy its valence shell. Carbon therefore forms four bonds with other atoms (each bond consisting of one of carbon's electrons + one electrons of other atom). Every valence electron participates in bonding, thus a carbon atom's bonds will be distributed evenly over the atom's surface. These bonds form a tetrahedron (a pyramid with a spike at the top), as illustrated below:

The simplest organic chemicals, called hydrocarbons, contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms; the simplest hydrocarbon (called methane) contains a single carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms

But carbon can bond to other carbon atoms in addition to hydrogen, as illustrated in the molecule ethane

But carbon can bond to other carbon atoms in addition to hydrogen, as illustrated in the molecule ethane

In fact, the uniqueness of carbon comes from the fact that it can bond to itself in many different ways. Carbon atoms can form long chains branched chains:

neighboring carbon atoms can form double and triple bonds in addition to single carbon-carbon bonds

There appears to be almost no limit to the number of different structures that carbon can form.

Keep in mind that each carbon atom forms four bonds. As the number of bonds between any two carbon atoms increases, the number of hydrogen atoms in the molecule decreases

THE UNIQUE ROLE OF CARBON in bonding formation

1. C can form 4 bonds in three dimensions.
C can form STRONG COVALENT BONDS TO BOTH ITSELF AND TO MANY OTHER ELEMENTS, not many elements do! do you know others?)

especially N, H, O, S, P & X ("halogens"),

less commonly with many metals ( Li, Na, K, Mg, Pb, Cu, Co) and a few non-metals(Si, Ge, As, B, etc.) "organometallic chemistry" )

THE UNIQUE ROLE OF CARBON in bonding formation

2. These C-C bonds can lead to the formation of LINEAR, BRANCHED & CYCLIC structures.

Can bond together to form chains, rings, spheres, sheets, tube of almost any size.

3. C can form SINGLE, DOUBLE AND TRIPLE BONDS to itself and N & O.

THE UNIQUE ROLE OF CARBON

Over 20 MILLION chemical compounds are now known and perhaps 104 new ones are reported per annum. About 85% of these compounds are " organic ". Why?
Luckily, all these organic compounds have only about 12-15 different functional groups alkane, alkene, alkyne, alcohols, alkyl & other halides (haloalkanes), carboxylic acid, aldehyde, ketone and ester.

hydrocarbons
The simple hydrocarbons come in three varieties depending on the type of carbon-carbon bonds that occur in the molecule Alkanes are the first class of simple hydrocarbons and contain only carbon-carbon single bonds. The alkanes are named by combining a prefix that describes the number of carbon atoms in the molecule with the root ending "ane".

The chemical formula for any alkane is given by the expression CnH2n+2

The names and prefixes for the first ten alkanes are given in the following table.
Carbon Alkane Prefix Atoms Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Meth Eth Prop But Pent Hex Hept Oct Non Dec Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Hexane Heptane Octane Nonane Decane Chemical Structural Formula Formula CH 4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C5H12 C6H14 C7H16 C8H18 C9H20 C10H22 CH4 CH3CH3 CH3CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 ...

The second class of simple hydrocarbons, the alkenes, consists of molecules that contain at least one double-bonded carbon pair. Alkenes follow the same naming convention used for alkanes. A prefix (to describe the number of carbon atoms) is combined with the ending "ene" to denote an alkene. Ethene, for example is the two- carbon molecule that contains one double bond. The chemical formula for the simple alkenes follows the expression CnH2n. Because one of the carbon pairs is double bonded, simple alkenes have two fewer hydrogen atoms than alkanes.

Alkynes are the third class of simple hydrocarbons and are molecules that contain at least one triple-bonded carbon pair. Like the alkanes and alkenes, alkynes are named by combining a prefix with the ending "yne" to denote the triple bond. The chemical formula for the simple alkynes follows the expression CnH2n-2.

Isomers
Because carbon can bond in so many different ways, a single molecule can have different bonding configurations. C6H14

Both molecules have identical chemical formulas however, their structural formulas (and thus some chemical properties) are different

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS.
hydrocarbons can also contain other elements. In fact, many common groups of atoms can occur within organic molecules, these groups of atoms are called functional groups. One good example is the hydroxyl functional group. The hydroxyl group consists of a single oxygen atom bound to a single hydrogen atom (-OH). The group of hydrocarbons that contain a hydroxyl functional group is called alcohols

Functional Groups
There are a wide variety of functional groups that you should recognize
The FG affect the reactions, structure, and physical properties of every compound in which they occur It will be easier to recognize them, as we learn about them in each chapter

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
FG is a collection of atoms at a site within a molecule with a common bonding pattern The group reacts in a typical way, generally independent of the rest of the molecule

For example, the double bonds in simple and complex alkenes react with bromine in the same way

Families of Organic Compounds

Organic compounds can be grouped into families by their common structural features We shall survey the nature of the compounds in a tour of the families in this course

Multiple CarbonCarbon Bonds

Arenes have special

bonds that are represented as alternating single and double C-C bonds in a six-membered ring

Alkenes have a C-C double bond Alkynes have a C-C triple bond

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS WITH CARBON SINGLY BONDED TO AN ELECTRONEGATIVE ATOM Alkyl halide: C bonded to halogen (C-X) Alcohol : C bonded O of a hydroxyl group (C OH) Ether : Two Cs bonded to the same O (C O C) Amine : C bonded to N (C N) Thiol : C bonded to SH group (C SH) Sulfide : Two Cs bonded to same S (C S C)
Bonds are polar,

with partial positive charge on C (+) and partial negative charge () on electronegative atom

GROUPS WITH A CARBONOXYGEN DOUBLE BOND (CARBONYL GROUPS)

Aldehyde: one hydrogen bonded to C=O Ketone : two Cs bonded to the C=O Carboxylic acid: OH bonded to the C=O Ester : C-O bonded to the C=O Amide : C-N bonded to the C=O Acid chloride: Cl bonded to the C=O
Carbonyl C has partial positive charge (+) Carbonyl O has partial negative charge (-).

Three broad classes Organic compound

Hydrocarbons Compounds containing oxygen Compounds containing nitrogen

49

HYDROCARBONS
Alkane: single bonds, sp3 carbons Cycloalkane: carbons form a ring Alkene: double bond, sp2 carbons Cycloalkene: double bond in ring Alkyne: triple bond, sp carbons Aromatic: contains a benzene ring

50

COMPOUNDS CONTAINING OXYGEN

Alcohol: R-OH Ether: R-O-R' Aldehyde: RCHO Ketone: RCOR'

O CH3CH2 C H

O CH3 C CH3

51

CYCLIC ETHERS AND KETONES

THF (tetrahydrofuran) cyclopentanone

52

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES

Carboxylic Acid: RCOOH Acid Chloride: RCOCl Ester: RCOOR' Amide: RCONH2
O C NH 2
53

O C OH
O C Cl

O C OCH3

=>

CYCLIC ESTERS
O O
O O

Cyclic ester

(cyclic ether and cyclic ketone)

54

COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN

Amines: RNH2, RNHR', or R3N Amides: RCONH2, RCONHR, RCONR2 Nitrile: RCN

O N CH3

CH3

C N

=>
55

What ASPECTS OF ORGANIC MOLECULES are we going to study ?

NAMING OF OC IUPAC rules

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Structure basic CHEMICAL PROPERTIES STRUCTURE BASICS CHEMICAL REACTIONS Mechanism

ASPECTS OF ORGANIC MOLECULES

NAMING
To be able to name such vast numbers of possible molecules requires a systematic approach consisting of a set of arbitrary rules which are readily learned and applied to each molecule individually to generate the name. It called IUPAC nomenclature system. Note that in addition to names invented for compounds because of their origin, there were other attempts to produce a systematic nomenclature system before the IUPAC system . Therefore, sometimes compounds have several different names, of which the IUPAC name may not be the one most commonly used.

ASPECTS OF ORGANIC MOLECULES

The two basic features of the IUPAC name.

The element C and H, do not appear directly in the compound names, instead the IUPAC system names a compound based on the number of carbon atoms linked together in the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms. The compounds is grouped in families according to the functional groups that they contain

The Root Names parent name

the number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms containing the functional group

Substituent (other than the main chain)

Structure & bonding

Atom to atom connectivity 3D shape (Stereochemistry)

ASPECTS OF ORGANIC MOLECULES

NAME OF STEREO ISOMER

Compounds may have the same atoms and bond connectivity but differ in the spatial arrangement of the atoms, such that the two arrangements cannot be interconverted at room temperature. These are called stereoisomers.
To name stereoisomers, the prefixes cis- and trans- are often used

Example : The rigid structure (prohibits free rotation of the atoms) of a ring, even though it is made up of single bond The rigid structure of a double bond

Alkene Stereoisomers. E/Z. Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules.

Although many compounds can be named uniquely using the cis/trans approach, there are compounds which cannot be so distinguished To overcome this difficulty, the IUPAC system introduces a different approach to alkene nomenclature. In this approach, the two groups on each end of the double bond is prioritized according to a set of arbitrary rules( Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules, and then names the stereomers according to the orientation of the two highest priority groups.

ASPECTS OF ORGANIC MOLECULES

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
phASEs : Gas, LIQUID , Solid melting/boiling points, solubilities in various solvents, Polarity dielectric constants, spectral data) Inter molecular forces Interaction

ASPECTS OF ORGANIC MOLECULES

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES : ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE AND CHEMICAL BONDING

stability of chemical species (neutral atoms/molecules, anions, cations and radicals, acidity/basicity etc

Electronic structure Relative distribution of electron in molecule (delocalised), resonance Stereochemical aspects

ASPECTS OF ORGANIC MOLECULES CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Involves COVALENT BOND BREAKING AND FORMATION

Types of reactions SUBSTITUTION, ADDITION, ELIMINATION & REARRANGEMENT)

Chemical Energetics . (Thermodynamics, Kinetics, Catalysis)

Solvent effects

ORGANIC REACTION
A reaction will occur when there is an energetically favorable path by which electrons can flow from the electron source ("donor") to the electron acceptor ("sink")".

Obviously, you need to know the regions in molecules, which are electron rich ("nucleophilic sites") or electron poor ("electrophilic sites") to be capable of predicting the relative electronic density over a molecule.
The most probable product (major product) of a reaction results from the best electron source attacking the best electron sink.

NUCLEOPHILE & ELECTROPHILE

A nucleophile ("nucleus loving!") is a Lewis base (electron pair donor) that acts as an electron source.
Nucleophiles can be negatively charged or neutral but must have "lone pairs" or p electrons (Nu:B or Nu: or >C=C<, ROH, RNH2, etc.). An electrophile ("electron loving!") is a Lewis acid (electron pair acceptor) that acts as an electron sink. Electrophiles can be neutral, a radical, or positively charged. Most bonds are formed by the "attack" of a nucleophile on an electrophile

FROM GENERAL CHEMISTRY?

1. Electronic Structures & Chemical Bonding
orbitals & various kinds of covalent bonds, polarity, electronegativity, molecular geometry.
2. 3.

Inter- & intra-molecular forces Melting Point, Boiling Point, and solubility Acidity & Basicity in polar and non-polar solvents
Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis acids/bases Chemical Energetics . (This subject is extremely important!) (a) Thermodynamicsenthalpy, entropy, Gibbs Free Energy equation, spontaneous reactions, exo- & endo thermic (and exo- & endogonic) reactions, position of equilibrium and Keq *Go= -RT lnKeq, Energy reaction profiles (b) Kineticsenergy of activation (*H?)/*G?, transition states, Arrhenius equation *G? = -RT lnk (where k is the rate constant a measure of relative speed of reaction) sequential reactions and rate determining step (c) Catalysisstabilisation of the transition state.

4.

5.

Spectroscopy and spectra

(laboratory experiments)

and Lambert-Beer law of absorption spectroscopy

6.

Mathematics! Inter conversion between pH->[H+], [H+] -->pH, pKa -->Ka, & Ka --->pKa. NOTE lower "p" upper case "H or K"

What We Are going to Learn?

Before Midtest)
1 INTRODUCTION :
Reason to study and characteristic of organic chemistry, history highlight of organic compound, Hydrocarbon , Functional group , Family of organic compound, aspect in organic molecule (naming, physical , chemical reactivity, chemical reactions)

Week
1

Ket

GROUP ASSIGNMENT 2 NAMING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS:

Straight chain (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes) and ring chain hydrocarbon : rootname, numbering locant, complex substituent, prioritization of double bond, Halogen, oxygen, nitrogen containing compound : rootname pattern (prefix, suffix), prioritization of functional group, numbering locant

STEREO ASPECT OF HYDROCARBON AND NAMING E/Z , R/S

Structural isomer, Conformer (Rotation around single bond ), Newman Projection, Stereoisomer (Rigid structure of double bond ) Cis/trans and E/Z structure designation , Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules, Enantiomer and R/S structure designation), 3-D drawing

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES RELATIONSHIPS

Structure basic 1 : Shape of Molecules: Atomic Orbitals, Covalent bond, sigma bond and pi bond, Hybridization of carbon orbital : Sp3 (single bond, tetrahedral), Sp2 (double bond, planar),sp (triple, linier),, Non covalent Interaction : electrogenativity , dipole interaction, London dispersion, hydrogen bond, Physical properties : Phases, boiling & melting point, polarity, solubility,

1,2

3 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES/REACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS

Structure Basics 2 : Stable Species/molecule (duplet, Octet) : Electron Valence, ionic and covalent bond, Active species : electron rich (anion , nucleophile, donor), electron deficient (cation, electrophile, acceptor), odd number (radical, single element) Active site of chemical species : Drawing Electron-Dot Formulas, (Lewis Structure), Formal charges, Introduction of Chemical reaction)

4 REACTION OF HIDROCARBON
Reactivity of alkane : stable sigma bond (low energy level)

2,3

FREE RADICAL REACTION (HALOGENATION AND CRACKING ADDITION REACTION OF DOUBLE BOND (ALKENES)
Chemical reactivity of double bond of alkene : pi bond (higher energi level, electron rich site) Electrofilic addition mechanism : acid catalysis, carbocation, Markovnikov rules, carbocation stability and rearrangement , and antiMarkovnikov rules, Addition Polymerization of alkene : Cationic and Free Radical mechanisme

SUBSTITUTION REACTION OF AROMATIC COMPOUND

Chemical reactivity of Benzene ring (resonance double bond) : aromaticity Electrofilic Substitution Mechanisme : acid catalysis, alkylation, nitration, acylation

PRESENTASI TOPIC 1 CRACKING REACTION PRESENTASI TOPIC 2 ADDITION REACTION OF DOUBLE BOND PRESENTASI TOPIC 3 SUBSTITUTION REACTION OF AROMATIC COMPOUND MID TEST

4 5, 6 7

Topic (AFTER MiDtest)

Wee k
7 1

Ket

MIDTEST

SUBSTITUTION AND ELIMINATION REACTION OF HALOALKANES/ALCOHOL Reactivity of haloalkane and alcohol group, Nucleofilic substition mechanism : SN2, SN1, E1,E2 Influenced of reactant structure, nucleophility, solvent, temperature on SN1, SN2 an E1 and E2 SUBSTITUTION AND ELIMINATION REACTION OF CARBOXYL GROUP Reactivity of carboxyl group Nucleofilic substition mechanism : acid catalysis Esterification, PRESENTATION TOPIC IV Substitution Reaction (Haloalkanes, Alcohols) Reaction PRESENTATION TOPIC V Elimination Reaction (Haloalkane, Alcohol)reaction

3 4

PRESENTATION TOPIC VI Substitution reaction (carbonyl compounds)

PRESENTATION TOPIC VII Substitution of (carboxyl compound) FINAL TEST

5
6 7

We are going to learn organic chemistry through naming, identifying physical/chemical properties, and describing reaction mechanism of ORGANIC CHEMICALS especially the MANUFACTURED PRODUCT

Organic chemicals are universal

Manufactured products Geological matter Fossil Fuels Other Organic Chemicals Biological matter Plants Animals Microbes Atmospheric and cosmic matter

manufactured products
Natural gas Methanol/Ethanol

LPG

Peat/Turf

Fuels
Petrol

Diesel

Coal

manufactured products
Fats & Oils Sugars

Fibre
Vitamins

Foods
Dietary supplements

Flavourings

Colourants

Anti-oxidants

manufactured products
Plastics Coatings & lacquers Fibres & clothings Paper Films

Materials
Packaging

Wound dressings Medical implants

manufactured products
Lubricants Cosmetics Fragrances Pigments Dyes Inks Adhesives Explosives Detergents Surfactants Emulsifiers Coolants Photographic agents Anti-scalants Forensic chemicals Liquid crystal displays

manufactured products
Imaging agents Medicines
Veterinary medicines

Disinfectants

Bio-active products

Herbicides

Antiseptics

Pesticides

Fertilizers

Fungicides Plant growth hormones

Biological matters
Sugars Proteins Fats & oils Vitamins DNA & RNA Wood Natural rubber Essential oils Natural fibres Antibiotics Fermentation products Natural flavours Natural fragrances Plant & microbial products Bio-matter

PRESENTATION OF ORGANIC CHEMICALS INTRO

Product name, functional group classification Product usage Product special characteristic (Physical/ chemical/ mechanical properties) that support its function

MAIN POINTS Explanation of the reason for having such special characteristic
3D Strukture Non kovalen interaction elektronik distribution etc.

Describing the complete reaction mechanism of their synthesis CLOSING

Gasoline is a complex mixture of over 500 hydrocarbons that may have between 5 to 12 carbons. Smaller amounts of alkane cyclic and aromatic compounds are present. It is most often produced by the fractional distillation of crude oil

Straight-run gasoline (directly from the refinery distillation column) has an octane number of about 70. In other words, straight-run gasoline has the same knocking properties as a mixture of 70% isooctane and 30% heptane.

If fuel octane is too low for a given compression ratio, the fuel prematurely ignites too early and the fuel charge EXPLODES rather than BURNS resulting in incomplete combustion. The net effect is a loss in power, possible engine damage, and an audible "knock" or "ping", referred to as detonation. The octane number is determined by comparing the characteristics of a gasoline to isooctane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane) and heptane. Isooctane is assigned an octane number of 100. It is a highly branched compound that burns smoothly, with little knock.

On the other hand, heptane, a straight chain, unbranched molecule is given an octane rating of zero because of its bad knocking propertie

EVALUATION
Quis +HW 25% Report Presentation 25% Midtest 25% Final Test 25%