Analytical chemistry

Qualitative analysis

Quantitative analysis

Classical and instrumental methods

Homogenous and heterogeneous sample

Aliquot
REVIEW
Concentration units

Errors: systematic and random

Accuracy and precision

Gauss distribution

Mean (average)

Standard deviation

Degrees of freedom
) ... (
1
3 2 1 n
i
i
x x x x
n n
x
x + + + + = =

1
) (
2

=

n
x x
s
i
i
s
x
100%
Confidence interval

Students t table

t-test

Pooled standard deviation

n
s t
x

=
2 1
2 1 2 1
| |
n n
n n
s
x x
t
pooled
c
+

=
2
) 1 ( ) 1 (
2 1
2
2
2 1
2
1
+
+
=
n n
n s n s
s
pooled
t
c
> t
(table)
THEY ARE DIFFERENT
Are they different?
Uncertainty

Multiple steps analysis

Absolute and relative error

Calibration curve

Least squares method
.....
2
3
2
2
2
1
+ + + = e e e e
total
..... % % % %
2
3
2
2
2
1
+ + + = e e e e
total
y
x
X
X
X
X
X
) , (
i i
y x
i
d
b mx y + =
2 2 2
) ( ) ( b mx y y y d
i i i i
= =
D
x y x y x
b
i i i i i

=
) ( ) (
2

=
2 2
) ( ) (
i i
x x n D
D
y x y x n
m
i i i i

=
) (
Ey
i
D
n
S S
y m
=
( )
D
x
S S
i
y b
2
E
=
( )
2
2

E
=
n
d
S
i
y
Dynamic Equilibrium

Equilibrium Constant

Le Chateliers Principle

Solubility Product

Common Ion Effect

Gravimetric Analysis
dD cC bB aA + +
b a
d c
B A
D C
K
] [ ] [
] [ ] [

=
Hg
2
Cl
2
Hg
2
2+
+ 2 Cl
-
K
sp
=
[Hg
2
2+
] [Cl
-
]
2
KCl
Hg
2
Cl
2
Gravimetric analysis

Crystallization process

Nucleation and growth

Supersaturated solution

Colloid

Chloride determination methods
Problem 11
A 0.649 g sample containing only K
2
SO
4
(FW 174.27) and
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
(FW 132.14) was dissolved in water and treated
with Ba(NO
3
)
2
to precipitate all the SO
4
2-
as BaSO
4
(FW
233.40). Find the wt% of K
2
SO
4
in the sample if 0.977 g of
precipitate was formed.
61.3 %
Problem 2:
Four friends were playing darts. Who is accurate and
who is precise? Both?
No A
No P
A
No P
A
P
No A
P
Problem 3:

If a solution containing 0.1M Cl
-
, Br
-
, I
-
and CrO
4
2-
is treated
with Ag
+
, in which order will the anions precipitate?

pK
sp
s AgCl, AgBr, AgI, Ag
2
CrO
4

9.74 12.30 16.08 11.92
First will precipitate: AgI, AgBr, AgCl, Ag
2
CrO
4
Problem 4:

A student was presented with a sample of vinegar for analysis.
After analyzing the sample four times, the student was faced
with the following set of data.:



Given the following values of G for rejection of data, which
decision is appropriate?






(a) Reject the value 4.06%.
(b) No values may be rejected.
(c) Reject the value 4.35%

Problem 5:

A beaker contains 250.0 mL of 0.150 molar silver ion (Ag
+
).
To this beaker is added 250.0 mL of 0.300 molar bromide
ion (Br
-
). What is the concentration of Ag
+
in the final solution?
K
sp
AgBr = 5.0 X 10
-13


[Ag+] = 3.3 10
-12