Wireless Local Area Network

Wireless LAN
IEEE 802.11 Standard: WLAN developed by above standard Specifies PHY and MAC layer with wireless connectivity MAC layer works with multiple PHY layers

IEEE 802.11 WLAN

Five Layer Protocol

(Transport)
(Network)

CRC

(Data Layer)

Phy Layer

RF Medium

PHY Subsystem

WLAN Architecture

Wired LAN WLAN

IEEE 802.11 Protocol Architecture

50 mW

250mW

Band 1 & 2

1W

5GHz Band
Band 3

Syst.

 IEEE802.11a
All sub-carriers are dedicated to a single data source The possible data rates are 6,9,12,18,24, 36, 48 and 54Mb/s The system uses OFDM up to 52 sub-carriers(300kHz wide) that are modulated using BPSK,QPSK,16- or 64QAM depending on the rate required Sub-carrier frequency spacing is 0.3125MHz A convolution code at a rate of , 2/3, or provides FEC

Data Modulation Rate (Mb/s)

Coding rate

Coded bits per sub-carrier

Data bits per OFDM Symbol

6
9 12 18 24 36 48 54

BPSK
BPSK QPSK QPSK 16-QAM 16-QAM 64-QAM 64-QAM

1
1 2 2 4 4 6 6

24
36 48 72 96 144 192 216

Rate Dependent Parameters (OFDM)

(Throughput)

IEEE802.11g (2003): Operate at 2.4GHz band Provide data rates up to 54Mb/s Uses CCK/OFDM modulation OFDM is used for 9 to 54 Mb/s as in 802.11a and CCK used for 5.5 and 11Mb/s as in 802.11b CCK header alerts devices that a transmission is beginning and informs duration of transmission Payload can be transmitted at a much higher rate using OFDM Disturbance in 2.4 GHz band is due to Microwave oven, Cordless telephone, Bluetooth devices

Overlapping Channels at 2.4GHz band

IEEE802.11a/b/g Comparison

IEEE802.11n (2010): Operates at 5GHz with maximum data rate of 300Mb/s with range of 200m Developed by adding Multi-input Multi-output (MIMO) antennas MIMO uses multiple transmitter and receiver antennas to allow for increased data rate via spatial multiplexing and increased range by exploiting the spatial diversity using Space-time-block coding (STBC) STBC is used to transmit multiple copies of data streams across no. of antennas to compensate fading, thermal noise and to exploit the various received versions of the data to improve the reliability of data transfer

Technology 802.11b

Band 2.4 GHz

Max. Data Rate 11 Mbps

Throughput 6 Mbps

802.11g
802.11a

2.4 GHz
5 GHz

54Mbps
54Mbps

28Mbps
28Mbps

802.11n (2x2MIMO) 802.11n (4x4MIMO)

2.4 and 5 GHz

2.4 and 5 GHz

300Mbps
600Mbps

150Mbps
300Mbps

IEEE802.11 Comparison

600

Mbps

50
10

IEEE 802.11ac
People wants reliable BW on mobile devices, no log time, no delay, no glitchy downloads User wants speed as well as streaming music, gaming, HDTV shows, movies, and videos Dropped connections, poor quality, and limited mobility are major frustration for users today 802.11ac at 5GHz band can deliver high data rates to support advanced multimedia

 Higher data rates can be achieved by providing wider frequency BW, faster processing, high order digital modulation, and multiple antennas The new standard adds 80 and 160MHz channel BW whereas 802.11n supports only 20 and 40MHz BW 802.11ac aims to deliver very high throughput (VHT) 10 times to 802.11n high throughput (HT) Qualcomm working on 802.11ac using 80MHz BW, 256-QAM, and 8X8 MIMO provides 1.3Gbps data rate nearly twice of 600Mbps achieved by 802.11n using 40MHz BW, 64-QAM and 4X4 MIMO

Channel Allocation in 802.11ac

802.11a/g

802.11n 4x4 MIMO

802.11ac 8x8 MIMO

Antenna Configuration Highest Order Modulation

Channel Bandwidth

1x1 SISO

BPSK to 64-QAM

BPSK to 64-QAM

BPSK to 256-QAM

20 MHz

20 MHz and 20+20 20, 40, 80, 80 + 80, MHz and 160 MHz

Year Introduced Maximum Throughput

1999 (802.11a) 2003 (802.11g) 54 Mbit/s

2009 (draft)

2011 (draft)

600 Mbit/s

1.3 Gbit/s

WLAN Data Throughput

IEEE 802.11ad
Gigabit speed wireless LAN 802.11ad will employ over ISM 60GHz band at a much shorter range, can shape into WPAN like Bluetooth, peer-to-peer connectivity Ideal for in-room coverage at home, and cable replacement of home entertainment system Entertainment systems in home will sense users walk and transfer the TV program from living room to kitchen or garage In 802.11ad using 8X8 MIMO with 160MHz channel BW, a peak data rate of 7Gbps can be achieved

 There is 21 to 28 dB signal loss at 60GHz compared to 2.4 and 5GHz band Beam forming provides directional signal transmission and reception compensate 20dB loss above and provides maximum range and coverage. Previous standards used omni-directional which are subjected to significant interference Beam forming does a much better job in penetrating all forms of building materials including concrete High gain antennas with small size are possible at 60GHz

Beam Forming

 Targets the market such as residential HD uncompressed video, large size file transfer in few seconds Delivers multimedia applications in tablets, smart phones to serve from basic e-mail to low latency video on personal smart mobile phones Can be used in smart mobile phones, notebooks, tablets, HDTV, gaming, DVR and enterprise network (Routers, Access Points) Gigabit WLAN market expected to reach 1 billion by 2015 as per In-Stat

Wireless Metropolitan Area Network

Wireless MAN
WMAN is Broadband wireless access (BWA) that provides high speed, high BW efficiency, and high capacity multimedia (voice, video and data) services Optimized for larger geographical area compared to WLAN and provide moderate to high data rate High frequency bands from 10 to 66GHz (LoS) employed for point-to-multipoint radio

 IEEE802.16 is divided into 802.16 a, d, e for frequency bands between 2 to 11GHz (non-LOS) performance & mobility IEEE802.16 (2001), 802.16a (2003) covers both LoS and NLoS applications 802.16d or 802.16 (2004) is a fixed WiMAX (Worldwide interoperability for Microwave Access) standard uses OFDM PHY layer as air interface technology and service can not provide mobility Covers geographical area 50Kms and delivers 72Mbps data rate

 IEEE802.16e:
802-16e or 802.16 (2005) is a mobile WiMAX uses Scalable OFDMA (SOFDMA) PHY technology 802.16e can roam/handoff between different BS and support 83Mbps data rate at 20MHz channel BW and 141Mbps at 40MHz BW using scalable OFDMA and 2X2 MIMO Support roaming limited to local and regional areas Covers 1Kms in nLoS and 50Kms in LoS Comparable to 4G cellular standard

 IEEE802.16m:
Comparable to 5G cellular standard Supports data rates of 110Mbps at channel BW of 20MHz with 2X2 MIMO and 365Mbps at 40MHz BW with 4X4 MIMO It uses multi-carrier technology that bundles multiple PHY layer (radio carriers) Uses 8X8 MIMO both at transmit and receive stations to improve throughput

Mobile WiMAX Trends

WiMAX Downlink Peak Data rate

Conclusions
5G-Wi-Fi IEEE802.11ac will provide 1Gb/s data rate while 802.11ad max. data rate will reach to 7Gb/s 4G-LTE delivers higher data throughput, lower latency, and increased spectral efficiency The LTE is choice of most mobile operators. LTE has already overtaken WiMAX subscriptions in 2011 and the range of LTE devices has increased by 11-fold in the past year LTE-A represent a big increase in system and device complexity and it will take time for industry to respond

 Wireless mobile technology is getting popular and important in the network and in the Internet field 5G will fulfill the idea of WWWW offering more services and smooth global roaming with less cost Users will get more power than service providers based on Software Defined Radio (SDR) technology. This will lead service integration

 Gigabit WLAN, LTE, and WiMAX will boost rural and developing areas in the world where wired Internet is not there
Improved education through better distance learning give farmers better access to agronomic market information, and reach high quality healthcare through tele-medicine Reduced infrastructure costs translates into robust services and connect to everyone regardless of location and to movement of subscribers