ORACLE

Lecture 4: 1-Retrieving Data Using the SQL SELECT Statement 2-Restricting and Sorting Data

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following:

List the capabilities of SQL SELECT statements Execute a basic SELECT statement

Capabilities of SQL SELECT Statements

Projection

Selection

Table 1 Join

Table 1

Table 1

Table 2

Basic SELECT Statement

SELECT *|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...} FROM table;

SELECT identifies the columns to be displayed FROM identifies the table containing those columns

Selecting All Columns

SELECT * FROM departments;

Selecting Specific Columns

SELECT department_id, location_id FROM departments;

Writing SQL Statements

SQL statements are not case-sensitive. SQL statements can be on one or more lines. Keywords cannot be abbreviated or split across lines. Clauses are usually placed on separate lines. Indents are used to enhance readability. In SQL*plus, you are required to end each SQL statement with a semicolon (;).

Arithmetic Expressions

Create expressions with number and date data by using arithmetic operators.
Operator Description

+
* /

Add
Subtract Multiply Divide

Using Arithmetic Operators

SELECT last_name, salary, salary + 300 FROM employees;

Operator Precedence
SELECT last_name, salary, 12*salary+100 FROM employees;

SELECT last_name, salary, 12*(salary+100) FROM employees;

Defining a Null Value

A null is a value that is unavailable, unassigned, unknown, or inapplicable. A null is not the same as a zero or a blank space.
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary, commission_pct FROM employees;

Null Values in Arithmetic Expressions

Arithmetic expressions containing a null value evaluate to null.

SELECT last_name, 12*salary*commission_pct FROM employees;

Defining a Column Alias

A column alias:

Renames a column heading Is useful with calculations Immediately follows the column name (There can also be the optional AS keyword between the column name and alias.) Requires double quotation marks if it contains spaces or special characters or if it is case-sensitive

Using Column Aliases

SELECT last_name AS name, commission_pct comm FROM employees;

SELECT last_name "Name" , salary*12 "Annual Salary" FROM employees;

Concatenation Operator

A concatenation operator:
Links columns or character strings to other columns Is represented by two vertical bars (||) Creates a resultant column that is a character expression

SELECT FROM

last_name||job_id AS "Employees" employees;

Literal Character Strings

A literal is a character, a number, or a date that is included in the SELECT statement. Date and character literal values must be enclosed by single quotation marks. Each character string is output once for each row returned.

Using Literal Character Strings

SELECT last_name ||' is a '||job_id AS "Employee Details" FROM employees;

 Specify your own quotation mark delimiter Choose any delimiter Increase readability and usability
SELECT department_name || q'[, it's assigned Manager Id: ]' || manager_id AS "Department and Manager" FROM departments;

Alternative Quote (q) Operator

Duplicate Rows

The default display of queries is all rows, including duplicate rows.

SELECT department_id FROM employees;

SELECT DISTINCT department_id FROM employees;

Summary

In this lesson, you should have learned how to:

Write a SELECT statement that:
Returns all rows and columns from a table Returns specified columns from a table Uses column aliases to display more descriptive column headings

SELECT *|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...} FROM table;

Practice 1:
1- The following SELECT statement executes successfully: SELECT last_name, job_id, salary AS Sal FROM employees; True/False 2-The following SELECT statement executes successfully: SELECT * FROM job_grades; True/False 3-There are four coding errors in the following statement. Can you identify them? SELECT employee_id, last_name sal x 12 ANNUAL SALARY FROM employees;

Practice 1 :
4-The HR department needs a query to display all unique job codes from the EMPLOYEES table. 5-The HR department has requested a report of all employees and their job IDs. Display the last name concatenated with the job ID (separated by a comma and space) and name the column Employee and Title.

ORACLE

2-Restricting and Sorting Data

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following:

Limit the rows that are retrieved by a query Sort the rows that are retrieved by a query

Limiting Rows Using a Selection

EMPLOYEES

retrieve all employees in department 90

Limiting the Rows That Are Selected

Restrict the rows that are returned by using the WHERE clause:
SELECT *|{[DISTINCT] column | expression [alias],...} FROM table [WHERE condition(s)];

The WHERE clause follows the FROM clause.

Using the WHERE Clause

SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, department_id FROM employees WHERE department_id = 90 ;

Character Strings and Dates

Character strings and date values are enclosed by single quotation marks. Character values are case-sensitive, and date values are format-sensitive. The default date format is DD-MON-RR.
SELECT last_name, job_id, department_id FROM employees WHERE last_name = 'Whalen' ;

Comparison Conditions
Operator = > Meaning Equal to Greater than

>=
< <= <> BETWEEN ...AND... IN(set) LIKE IS NULL

Greater than or equal to

Less than Less than or equal to Not equal to Between two values (inclusive) Match any of a list of values Match a character pattern Is a null value

Using Comparison Conditions

SELECT last_name, salary FROM employees WHERE salary <= 3000 ;

Using the BETWEEN Condition

Use the BETWEEN condition to display rows based on a range of values:

SELECT last_name, salary FROM employees WHERE salary BETWEEN 2500 AND 3500 ;

Lower limit Upper limit

Using the IN Condition

Use the IN membership condition to test for values in a list:

SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary, manager_id FROM employees WHERE manager_id IN (100, 101, 201) ;

Using the LIKE Condition

Use the LIKE condition to perform wildcard searches of valid search string values. Search conditions can contain either literal characters or numbers:
% denotes zero or many characters. _ denotes one character.
SELECT FROM WHERE first_name employees first_name LIKE 'S%' ;

Using the LIKE Condition

You can combine pattern-matching characters:
SELECT last_name FROM employees WHERE last_name LIKE '_o%' ;

Using the NULL Conditions

Test for nulls with the IS NULL operator.

SELECT last_name, manager_id FROM employees WHERE manager_id IS NULL ;

Logical Conditions
Operator AND OR NOT Meaning Returns TRUE if both component conditions are true Returns TRUE if either component condition is true Returns TRUE if the following condition is false

Using the AND Operator

AND requires both conditions to be true:
SELECT FROM WHERE AND employee_id, last_name, job_id, salary employees salary >=10000 job_id LIKE '%MAN%' ;

Using the OR Operator

OR requires either condition to be true:
SELECT FROM WHERE OR employee_id, last_name, job_id, salary employees salary >= 10000 job_id LIKE '%MAN%' ;

Using the NOT Operator

SELECT last_name, job_id FROM employees WHERE job_id NOT IN ('IT_PROG', 'ST_CLERK', 'SA_REP') ;

Rules of Precedence
Operator 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Meaning Arithmetic operators Concatenation operator Comparison conditions IS [NOT] NULL, LIKE, [NOT] IN [NOT] BETWEEN Not equal to NOT logical condition AND logical condition OR logical condition

You can use parentheses to override rules of precedence.

Rules of Precedence
SELECT FROM WHERE OR AND last_name, job_id, salary employees job_id = 'SA_REP' job_id = 'AD_PRES' salary > 15000;

SELECT FROM WHERE OR AND

last_name, job_id, salary employees (job_id = 'SA_REP' job_id = 'AD_PRES') salary > 15000;

Using the ORDER BY Clause

Sort retrieved rows with the ORDER BY clause: The ORDER BY clause comes last in the SELECT statement: SELECT last_name, job_id, department_id, hire_date
FROM employees ORDER BY hire_date ;

ASC: ascending order, default DESC: descending order

Sorting
Sorting in descending order:
SELECT last_name, job_id, department_id, hire_date FROM employees 1 ORDER BY hire_date DESC ;

Sorting by column alias:

SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary*12 annsal FROM employees ORDER BY annsal ;

Sorting by multiple columns:

SELECT last_name, department_id, salary FROM employees ORDER BY department_id, salary DESC;

Summary

In this lesson, you should have learned how to:

Use the WHERE clause to restrict rows of output:
Use the comparison conditions Use the BETWEEN, IN, LIKE, and NULL conditions Apply the logical AND, OR, and NOT operators

SELECT *|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...} FROM table [WHERE condition(s)] [ORDER BY {column, expr, alias} [ASC|DESC]] ;

Use the ORDER BY clause to sort rows of output

Practice 2:
1-The HR departments needs to find high-salary and low-salary employees. display the last name and salary of employees who earn between $5,000 and $12,000 and are in department 20 or 50. Label the columns Employee and Monthly Salary, respectively. 2- Create a report to display the last name, salary, and commission of all employees who earn commissions. Sort data in descending order of salary and commissions. 3- Display the last name of all employees who have both an a and an e in their last name. 4- Display the last name, job, and salary for all employees whose job is SA_REP or ST_CLERKand whose salary is not equal to $2,500, $3,500, or $7,000.