Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Radio Team
24 July 2006
Contents
Introduction Radio Spectrum & Coverage Basic GSM Network Structure Radio Signal Generation
Mobile Calls
GSM Overview
Uplink
121 122 123 124 121
915 F (MHz)
935.2 935.6
1 935
2 3 4
Downlink
121 122 123 124 121
935.4
960 F (MHz)
ARFCN
Uplink
371 372 373 374
1710 1710.4
1785 F (MHz)
1805.2 1805.6
1 2 3 4
Downlink
371 372 373 374
1805 1805.4
1880 F (MHz)
GSM Overview
935 M Hz Mobinil
947.5 M Hz VODAFONE
960 M Hz
12.5 MHz
902.5 M Hz 890 M Hz
12.5 MHz
915 M Hz
25 MHz
GSM Overview
Frequency Reuse
Why do we need frequency reuse? Total no of channels (frequencies) = 124 Every channel can be shared between 8 subscribers max. Maximum no of simultaneous calls = 8 X 124 = 992 !! The frequency reuse is performed by dividing the whole available frequencies between a group of neighboring cells which is called frequency reuse pattern or a Cluster, and then repeat this cluster over the whole network on 2 conditions:
The group of frequencies allocated to a given cell must not be used in the adjacent cells. Enough distance between the cells in which the same group of frequencies are reused.
6 GSM Overview
Frequency Reuse
A3 A2 A1 C3 C2 C1 A3 A2 A1 C3 C2 C1 B1 B3 B1
A3 A2 A1 A3 A2 A1 B1 C3 B2 C1 A3 A2 A1 C3 B2 C1 A3 B3 C2 B1 A3 A2 B3 B2 C1 C2 A1 C3 A3 A2 B3 B2 C1 C3
B3 B2 B1 A3 C2 A1 B3 C3 A2 B1 B3 B2
B3
B2
B1 A3 C2 A1 B3 B2 B1 C1 A3 C2 A2 A1 C3 C3 A2 C1
C2
B3 B2 B1
C2
A1
C3 B2 B1 C1
B3 B2 B1
A2
A1 C3 C2 C1
C2
C1
GSM Overview
GSM Coverage Plan To provide coverage for a large service are of a mobile
network we have 2 Options:
(A) Install one transceiver with high radio power at the center of the service area
Drawbacks The mobile equipments used in this network should have high output power in order to be able to transmit signals across the coverage area. The usage of the radio resources would be limited.
Advantages Each cell as well as the mobile handsets will have relatively small power transceivers. The frequency spectrum might be reused in two far separated cells,
Unlimited capacity of the system. Good interference characteristics
GSM Overview
Cell Geometry
Dead Spots
Tradeoffs
Transceiver Antenna
Sectorial Antenna
Omni-Directional Antenna
11
GSM Overview
Sectorial Antenna
Sectorial Antenna The cells will take the form of overlapping circles.
Due to the obstacles in the coverage area the actual shape of t cells would be Random.
12 GSM Overview
Cell Classification
Umbrella Cell
Normal Cell
Normal Cell
13
GSM Overview
Questions ?
GSM Overview
Technical Session
14
GSM Overview
15
GSM Overview
BTS
BSC
MSC/VLR
Radio Interface
MS
16
Another MSC
+
The Mobile Equipment is said to be a Mobile Station if the SIM Card is added to it
17
GSM Overview
Record and passes to the BSC the Signal strength measurements. Perform the network end of the ciphering/encryption process.
18
GSM Overview
Controls the handover of calls in progress Between BTS Supervises the performance of the each BTS Allocates channels to the mobile
19
GSM Overview
Allowed/barred
services. Authentication data.
Supplementary
services.
20 GSM Overview
In our network, the VLR is integrated with the MSC It stores a copy of the HLR Profile for all the currently registered subscribers who are covered by cells belonging to the MSC coverage area.
21
GSM Overview
22
GSM Overview
GSM Identities
Mobile Station ISDN Number (MSISDN)
44
(CC)
385 196099
(NDC)
(SN)
20
(CC)
10
(NDC)
1100477
(SN)
VF UK MSISDN
VFE MSISDN
IMSI Structure
International Mobile Subscriber Identity 234 (MCC) 15 (MNC)
VF UK IMSI
1021000899 (MSIN)
602 (MCC)
02 (MNC)
1234567890 (MSIN)
VFE IMSI
MCC:Mobile Country Code. MNC:Mobile Network Code. MSIN:Mobile Station Identification Number.
24 GSM Overview
TAC
FAC
SNR
IMEI
TAC = Type Approval Code FAC = Final Assembly Code SNR = Serial Number
25 GSM Overview
EIR MSC/VLR
BGW
BSS
BSC
OSS
26 GSM Overview
BTS
Questions ?
27
GSM Overview
Mobile Calls
28
GSM Overview
Mobile Calls
29
GSM Overview
2.
MSC
3.
4.
BSC
5.
6.
30
GSM Overview
The mobile sends a call request along with its IMSI to its serving MSC/VLR which will mark the mobile as busy. Authentication is performed by the MSC to verify the mobile access to the network, and then ciphering is initiated in order to protect the mobile call on the radio path. The mobile sends a call setup message to the MSC with information about the call type, services required and the dialed number. MSC checks the categories of the mobile subscriber to verify that he is authorized to use the required services, and then a link is established between the MSC and BSC. BSC checks the mobile serving BTS for an idle traffic channel and then orders that BTS to seize this channel for a call. The BSC informs the MSC when the traffic channel assignment is complete, and then the MSC/VLR starts to analyze the dialed number and sets up a connection to the called subscriber.
3 5
6
GMSC
4 7
MSC
BSC
31
GSM Overview
Questions ?
GSM Overview
Technical Session
32
GSM Overview
Thank you