Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Topics
still valid:
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Derived units
= Newton
Pa = Pascal
= Ohm
W = Watt Hz = Hertz
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Physical laws
COMPRESSED AIR is atmospheric air under pressure. That means energy is stored in the air. When the compressed air expands again this energy is released as WORK. pressure (energy)
WORK
EXPANSION
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Components of air
oxygen 21% other gasses 1%
nitrogen 78%
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Atmospheric pressure...
...is generated by the weight of the atmosphere. It is dependent on the DENSITY of the air and the height:
The normal atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1.013 bar (760 mmHg (Torr))
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atmospheric pressure
absolute pressure
(g) (g)
(g)
(g)
Pg
gauge pressure
0%
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Definition of pressures
Equivalents Generally: Pressure (p) = Dimensions: 1 Pascal (Pa) = 1 Newton (N) 1 m (A) Force (F) Area (A)
105 Pa 1 MPa 1 hPa = = = 1 bar 10 bar 0,001 bar
Gauge pressure 1 bar = 14,5 psi(g) 1 bar 1 bar = = 10197 mmWC 750,062 Torr
A = 1 m2
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Natural laws
Isotherms (constant temperature)
If the volume is reduced under constant temperature, the pressure increases.
p0 x V0 = p1 x V1 = constant
Heat dissipation
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T0 = T1
0
p0 V1
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dV
V0
V
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Natural laws
Isobars ( constant pressure )
If heat is applied under constant pressure, The air volume behaves directly proportional to its absolute temperature.
Application of heat
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p0 = p1
p0= p1 0 1 T1
T
0
V0
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dV
V1
V
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Natural laws
Isochors (constant volume)
If heat is applied with constant volume, the pressure behaves directly proportional to the absolute temperature.
Application of heat
p p
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V0=V1
p1 1 T1
p0
0
V0=V1
T0 V
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Application of heat
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Adiabatic or Isentropic
(no heat transfer)
Heat insulation
If the volume is reduced and heat cannot be dissipated, temperature increases with the pressure
p
p p
p1
p0 V1
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0
dV
T1 T0
V0
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n = 1.4
Pspec
kW m3/min
Isentropic
Isothermal
p1 p0
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Gas equation
Gas law relating to a closed system:
p0 x V0 T0
p V T R = = = =
p1 x V1 T1
= R = constant
pressure (bar (absolute)) volume (m3) temperature (K) special gas constants
J e.g. R = 28.96 barm = 289.6 kgK K for dry air
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Definition of volumes
Temperature
Volume according to DIN 1343 (normal physical state) Volume according to DIN/ISO 2533 Volume related to atmosphere (normal state)
Relative humidity 0%
0%
atmospheric humidity
variable
variable
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Volume
7 m atmospheric air volume
1 working m
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Volume
Expansion:
Working pressure 7 bar (a) = 6 bar (g) Ambient air pressure p0, V0
The volume of atmospheric air decreases at an inverse ratio to the respective absolute pressures (at constant temperature, without taking humidity into account)
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p
p
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VN =
VN VI TN TI pN pI Hrel pD air = = = = = = = =
Normal volume to DIN 1343 Volume at inlet conditions Temperature to DIN 1343, TN = 273.15K Maximum temperature at the installation in K Air pressure to DIN 1343, pN = 1.01325 bar Lowest air pressure at the installation in bar Maximum relative humidity in the air at the installation Saturation pressure of the water vapour contained in the in bar, dependent on the temperature of the air
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Extract from the table for the saturation pressure of water vapour at saturation
t pD
0,00260 0,00280 0,00310 0,00340 0,00370 0,00400 0,00440 0,00480 0,00520 0,00560 0,00610 0,00640 0,00710 0,00740 0,00810 0,00870 0,00940 0,01000 0,01070 0,01150
t
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
pD
0.0123 0.0131 0.0140 0.0150 0.0160 0.0170 0.0182 0.0184 0.0206 0.0220 0.0234 0.0245 0.0264 0.0281 0.0298 0.0317 0.0336 0.0356 0.0378 0.0400
t
30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
pD
0.0424 0.0449 0.0473 0.0503 0.0532 0.0562 0.0594 0.0627 0.0662 0.0699 0.0738 0.0778 0.0820 0.0864 0.0910 0.0968 0.1009 0.1061 0.1116 0.1174 0.1234
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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A1 v1
valid is:
A2 v2
V = A1 x v1 = A2 x v2
V v A
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A1 v2 = v1 A2
= = =
Flow profile
pipe wall
border layer
flow velocity
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Flow types
We differentiate between: laminar (even) and turbulent (swirling) flow
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Compressor
Safety valve
Filter or strainer
OR function
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