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Presented by John Sidarous, Ph.D., S.E., P.E. For the NSLS-II Beam Stability Workshop Brookhaven National Laboratory April 18-20, 2007
The focus here will be on practical guidelines and experience rather than theory. No attempt is made to set quantitative criteria or endorse any specific approach or product. Take Ambient Vibration measurement at an early stage Establish Vibration Criteria as early as possible
The Architect/Engineer (A/E) Consultant must have a qualified Vibration Engineer as a team member. Consider retaining Structural Dynamics expert as an independent peer reviewer. Thoughtful approach to the civil & structural designs that addresses vibration sources and seeks to minimize and mitigate their effect. QA/QC and Testing during Construction Follow up measurement and monitoring of settlement and vibrations.
Slab On Grade (SOG) floor is far superior to elevated structural slabs for many reasons: higher stiffness more uniform characteristics engaging the soil increases the equivalent mass and damping The SOG is easier to isolate than other supported floors, especially
Uncontrollable Sources Examples: Nearby or distant highways and railroads Mining operations e.g., blasting Jets flying overhead
Uncontrollable Sources (contd.) These vibrations tend to be small, concentrated in the low frequency range, and are not likely to be a key factor in the project decision making. For APS, we found that such vibrations fall below 20 Hz, thus could be compensated for by the SR steering mechanism.
There could be a few exceptions, e.g., a railroad located very close to the
SR, which could be a factor influencing site selection. Ambient vibration measurements must be taken, they will reveal whether the site is sufficiently quiet or not.
Semi-Controllable Sources
Examples: Local roads Facility access roads and driveways Loading docks Location of central utility plant housing large chillers, generators, or compressors.
Semi-Controllable Sources (contd.) Reasonable effort is to be made in locating such features, to maintain as much separation from the SR as possible. Consider placing them at the opposite side of the SR. Administrative controls work reasonably well, especially for traffic.
Sources Controllable by Design These are mostly related to mechanical vibration associated with building system equipments for HVAC, water pumps, etc. The later portion of this presentation presents engineering and construction approaches in addressing such sources.
Sources Outside this Discussions Scope Examples are vacuum pumps and flow induced vibration in the magnet cooling piping system. These are associated with the installation and operation of non-Building systems such as accelerator, beamline, Synchrotron, SR and other
Summary Achieve a support slab which is stiffer and more uniform than conventional designs, and which lends itself to be reasonably shielded from ambient vibration and other vibration sources.
It is far better to accommodate the unavoidable concrete shrinkage through numerous cracks than fewer but larger ones at prescribed joints. In APS, those cracks occur every 8 to 12 intervals and their width is in the order of 0.05 inch.
Concrete mix design, balance the strength and shrinkage minimization requirements (low water cement ratio, larger aggregate size, fly ash, super plasticizers additives, etc. Prudently use isolation and control joints between the EH floor and other portions of the building such as delivery aisles and Mechanical Equipment areas.
During the design development, set the desired slab stiffness. This depends on the stringency of vibration criteria, sensitivity to footfall, and whether a set fundamental frequency needs to be achieved. This, in addition to the Modulus of subgrade reaction will help determine minimum slab thickness.
For bridge situation (APS underpass), increase the slab stiffness to achieve stiffness comparable to SOG.
Foundation System Supporting structural frame columns but not the SOG for SR & EH Isolation at slab level Personal preference for deeper foundations (Caissons) vs. shallow foundations (footings)
Examples: Makeup and Recirculating Air Handling Units (AHU) Exhaust Fans Water pumps Compressors Small chillers
Selection of rotating equipment with stringent balancing requirements (e.g. 0.025 in/sec RMS) Spring support for rotating equipment Inertia bases are generally recommended for supporting fans and pumps with sizable HP motors. There are differing opinions on whether rotating equipments should be rigidly mounted or spring mounted.
Place heavy equipment on concrete housekeeping pads, as close as possible to stiff elements (beams and columns) Flow carrying pipe and ducts near connected equipments supported using spring hangers. Use flexible connectors at equipments, to