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TRIGONOMETRY

TRIGONOMETRY
Trigonometry is derived from Greek words trigonon (three angles) and metron (measure).
Trigonometry is the branch of mathematics which deal with triangles, particularly triangles in a plane where one angle of the triangle is 90 degrees.

Triangles on a sphere are also studied, in spherical trigonometry.


Trigonometry specifically deals with the relationships between the sides and the angles of triangles, that is, on the trigonometric functions, and with calculation based on these functions.

HISTORY
The origins of trigonometry can be traced to the civilizations of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley, more than 4000 years ago.
Some experts believe that trigonometry was originally invented to calculate sundials, a traditional exercise in the oldest books.

The first recorded use trigonometry came from the Hellenistic mathematician Hipparchus circa 150 BC, who compiled a trigonometric table using the sine for solving triangles.
The Sulba Sutras written in India, between 800 BC and 500 BC, correctly compute 1 the sine of (45o) as in a procedure for circling the square (the opposite of 2 4 squaring the circle) Many ancient mathematics like Aryabhata, Brahmagupa, Ibn Yunus and Al-Kashi made significant contributions mad in this field (trigonometry)

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS IN RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANGLES.


Trigonometric ratios are ratios between the sides of right-angled triangles. For example, between the right-angled side adjacent to and the hypotenuse, between the right-angled side opposite to and the hypotenuse, between the right-angled side opposite to and the rightangled side adjacent to , and so on. The measurement of trigonometric ratios depend on the measurement of the angle and not on the length of the side of the right-angled triangle. Consider the following discussion.

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS IN RIGHT-ANGLED


TRIANGLES.

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS IN RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANGLES.


The ratios of sides of those triangle (with respect to ):

= = =

= = =

. Those ratios are sine, cosine, and tangent. There are six trigonometric ratios, the other three are secant, cosecant, and cotangent.

SINE, COSINE, TANGENT, COTANGENT, SECANT, AND COSECANT OF AN ANGLE.

SINE, COSINE, TANGENT, COTANGENT, SECANT, AND COSECANT OF AN ANGLE.


1. Sine and Cosecant
The sine of an angle is written as sin . The cosecant of an angle is written as csc .
In Figure 0.3 sin = and csc = , sin = and csc = .

SINE, COSINE, TANGENT, COTANGENT, SECANT, AND COSECANT OF AN ANGLE.


2. Cosine and Secant
The cosine of an angle is written as cos . The secant of an angle is written as sec .
,

In Figure 0.3 cos = and sec =

cos = and sec =

SINE, COSINE, TANGENT, COTANGENT, SECANT, AND COSECANT OF AN ANGLE.


3. Tangent and Cotangent The tangent of an angle is written as tan .
The cotangent of an angle is written as cot .

In Figure 0.3 tan = and cot = , tan = and cot =

SINE, COSINE, TANGENT, COTANGENT, SECANT, AND COSECANT OF AN ANGLE.


Example:
2 If sin = , determine the values of the other trigonometry ratios. 2

Solution
2 Given sin = . Make a sketch drawing what is represented in this information. 2

= = =

(2)2 ( 2)2 42 22 22 2.

SINE, COSINE, TANGENT, COTANGENT, SECANT, AND COSECANT OF AN ANGLE.


observe a new sketch drawing.
cos tan cot csc sec
2 1 = = 2 2 2 2 = =1 2 2 = =1 2 2 = = 2 2 2 = = 2 2

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SPECIAL ANGLES


The values of trigonometric ratios can be calculated by using isosceles right triangle and equilateral triangles. Special angles referred to are 0o, 30o, 45o, 60o, and 90o.

We obtain: sin 45o o o = cos 45 = tan 45 = 1 1 = = 2 = = 2 = =1 2 2 2 2

We obtain: o o sin 30 = cos 30 = tan 30o 3 1 1 = = = = 3 2 2 2 2 o o sin 60 = cos 60 = tan 60o 3 1 1 = = 3 = = 2 2 2 2

= 1 = = 3 3 3 =

3 = = 3

ONP is a right-angled triangle. Trigonometric ratios for angle are as follow:


sin = = , cos = = , tan = . 1 1

Now, if = 0o, sin 0o = = 0, cos 0o = = 1,


tan 0o

0 = = = 0. 1

Next, if = 90o, sin 90o = = 1, cos 90o = = 0, tan 90o

1 = = = undefined. 0

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SPECIAL ANGLES

A
0o

sin A
0
1 2 1 2 1 2

cos A
1
1 2 1 2

tan A
0

cosec A
Undefined

sec A
1
2 3

cot A
Undefined

30o
45o 60o

3 2 1 2

1 3

3 1 3
2 3

2
2 3

3
2 2
1 3

3
1 3

2 3

90o

Undefined

Undefined

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SPECIAL ANGLES


Examples
If = 40 cm and A = 60o , determine the lenght of and Solution sin 60o = because sin

60o

1 40 80 = 3 , then c = = 3 cm. 3 2

sin 60

Now we determine the value of .

b2 = c2 a2
=
6400 ( 3) 9

1600 =

1600 3

b =

40 3

THANK YOU

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