Microprocessors

A microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable logic device that reads binary data instructions from storage device called memory, accepts binary data as the input and processes data according to those instruction & provides the results as output.

Components of PM
Microprocessor Memory Input/Output

Traditional Block Diagram

Input

Microprocessor as CPU

Output

Memory

Buses Structure
Address Bus : Unidirectional Data Bus : Bi-directional Control Bus : Synchronization

What is inside the Microprocessor

ALU Register Array

Control

Memory
To communicate with memory the MPU should be able to:
Select a Chip Identify a Register Read or Write into the Register

Microcontrollers
Is a chip which has a complete processor with all its support functions (clocking & reset), Memory, & IO built into a device These built in functions minimizes the external circuit & devices to be designed in the final application.

Microcontroller Block Diagram

Power Dist

Control Store
I/O PO RT S

Reset Control Clock & Timing

Processor

RAM

General-purpose microprocessors:
Must add RAM, ROM, I/O ports, and timers externally to make them functional. Make the system bulkier and much more expensive. Have the advantage of versatility on the amount of RAM, ROM, and I/O ports.

General purpose of Microcontrollers:

The fixed amount of on-chip ROM, RAM, and number of I/O ports makes them ideal for many applications in which cost and space are critical. In many applications, the space it takes, the power it consumes, and the price per unit are much more critical considerations than the computing power.

Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller

Microcontroller CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and timer are all on a single chip fix amount of on-chip ROM, RAM, I/O ports for applications in which cost, power and space are critical single-purpose

Microprocessor CPU is stand-alone, RAM, ROM, I/O, timer are separate designer can decide on the amount of ROM, RAM and I/O ports. expansive versatility general-purpose

The 8051 is the original member of the MCS-51 family, and is the core for all MCS-51 devices. The features of the 8051 cores are:
8-bit CPU optimized for control applications
Extensive Boolean processing (single-bit logic) capabilities 64K Program Memory address space

64K Data Memory address space Overview of MCS51 Family

On-chip Program Memory 128 bytes of on-chip Data RAM 32 bidirectional and individually addressable I/O lines Two 16-bit timer/counters Full duplex UART 6-source/5-vector interrupt structure with two priority levels On-chip clock oscillator

Selection of microcontrollers
criteria for selecting microcontrollers:
Architecture Number of timers Interrupt facility Availability of ADC and DAC inside the IC Availability of supporting software Space requirements Number of I/O lines Internal memory capacity Functioning speed Power requirement Easy availability Cost effectiveness

Pins of 80511/4
Vccpin 40 Vcc provides supply voltage to the chip. The voltage source is +5V. GNDpin 20ground XTAL1 and XTAL2pins 19,18

Pins of 80512/4
RSTpin 9reset It is an input pin and is active high normally low. The high pulse must be high at least 2 machine cycles. It is a power-on reset. Upon applying a high pulse to RST, the microcontroller will reset and all values in registers will be lost. Reset values of some 8051 registers

Pins of I/O Port

The 8051 has four I/O ports Port 0 pins 32-39P0P0.0 P0.7 Port 1pins 1-8 P1P1.0 P1.7 Port 2pins 21-28P2P2.0 P2.7 Port 3pins 10-17P3P3.0 P3.7 Each port has 8 pins. Named P0.X X=0,1,...,7, P1.X, P2.X, P3.X ExP0.0 is the bit 0LSBof P0 ExP0.7 is the bit 7MSBof P0 These 8 bits form a byte. Each port can be used as input or output (bi-direction)

Pins of 80513/4

/EApin 31external access

There is no on-chip ROM in 8031 and 8032 . The /EA pin is connected to GND to indicate the code is stored externally. /PSEN ALE are used for external ROM. For 8051, /EA pin is connected to Vcc. / means active low. /PSENpin 29program store enable This is an output pin and is connected to the OE pin of the ROM.

Pins of 80514/4

ALEpin 30address latch enable It is an output pin and is active high. 8051 port 0 provides both address and data. The ALE pin is used for demultiplexing the address and data by connecting to the G pin of the 74LS373 latch. I/O port pins The four ports P0, P1, P2, and P3. Each port uses 8 pins. All I/O pins are bi-directional

Other Pins
P1, P2, and P3 have internal pull-up resisters.
P1, P2, and P3 are not open drain.

P0 has no internal pull-up resistors and does not connects to Vcc inside the 8051.
P0 is open drain. Compare the figures of P1.X and P0.X.

However, for a programmer, it is the same to program P0, P1, P2 and P3. All the ports upon RESET are configured as output

Overview of

GPRS GPRS
ANIL KUMAR
DESD , C-DAC Chennai

GPRS
Features
Speed Immediacy Internet aware Spectrum Efficiency Packet Switching

GPRS
Features In Detail Speed
Max Speed is 172 Kb/sec THREE times faster than present Tele Communications TEN times faster than circuit switching network of GSM

GPRS
Features In Detail
Immediacy
GPRS users are refered to be Always Connected NO dial up connection is needed Information can be send or received immediately as need arises

GPRS
Features In Detail
Internet Aware
GPRS users can be viewed as mobile internet hosts Each GPRS terminal can potentially have its own IP address

GPRS
Features In Detail
Packet switching Packet Switching technology is similar to Jigsaw puzzle Packet Switching includes a connection Part way that is part time Because data to be send is bursty
When data to be sent is sensitive to errors

GPRS
GPRS Applications
1.Communications
E mail Service

FAX service
NOKIA 5100

GPRS
GPRS Applications
2. Still Images
Photographs

Pictures Greeting cards

GPRS GPRS
GPRS applications 3.Moving images
Video Messaging
Picture previews and Full blown movie Video Conferencing
SEIMENS XS1