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BY Mohd Safri Jamaludin Nazri Abdul Rahman Nor Farah Azura Abd. Kadir
Table of content
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Introduction Road pavement layer Subgred soil Pavement material Engineering properties References
1. Introduction
Basically, all hard surfaced pavement types can be categorized into two groups, flexible and rigid. Flexible pavements are those which are surfaced with bituminous (or asphalt) materials. These can be either in the form of pavement surface treatments (such as a bituminous surface treatment (BST) generally found on lower volume roads) or, HMA surface courses (generally used on higher volume roads such as the Interstate highway network).
These types of pavements are called "flexible" since the total pavement structure "bends" or "deflects" due to traffic loads. A flexible pavement structure is generally composed of several layers of materials which can accommodate this "flexing. Flexible pavement there have two main component. There are subgrade soil and pavement surfacing.
3. Subgred Soil
The sub-base and subgred layers constitute the foundations of the road structure, and since the formation and sub-soil often comprise of relatively weak materials, it is of utmost importance that the damaging loadings are effectively eliminated by the layers above. These sub-base layers consist of unbound materials, such as indigenous soil, crushed or uncrushed aggregate, or re-used secondary material.
texture
4. Pavement Material
Pavement materials are classified according to their use and type within a pavement system. Thus, one level of classification is subbase, base, and surface. This classification scheme describes the location of the materials within the pavement system. However, it also provides information about the purpose of the materials. For example, the surface layer is intended to provide a smooth, safe, and durable layer upon which vehicles can travel as well as being a major contributor to the pavements structural capacity. The base course also contributes significantly to the pavement capacity, particularly when treated with a stabilizing agent, and it also provides positive drainage and protection against frost.
Aggregate Base
Treated Base
Pavement Surfacing
Pavement Reclamation.
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Bituminous
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Quality
Crushing
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Strength Permeabi lity
Moisture/ Density
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5.1.1 Strength
Strength. Strength is the engineering property of greatest importance for an aggregate layer. Therefore, several different methods for determining aggregate strength have been developed. (1) California Bearing Ratio. The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) is a widely used measure of the strength of aggregate base materials. This test is also empirical in nature. CBR is a measure of the load required to produce a 2.5mm (0.1-inch) penetration in a standard aggregate base sample, and is actually a relative indication of the samples strength compared to that of a well-graded crushed stone aggregate. The CBR of a well-graded crushed stone aggregate will typically be close to 100. (2) Triaxial Test for Shear Strength. Standard samples are loaded in a compression cell at different confining pressures to produce a Mohr failure envelope, which provides the cohesion (c) and angle of internal friction () of the material. The relative values of these parameters may be used to estimate the shear strength of the material. (3) Granular Equivalency. The granular equivalency (G.E.) factor is a means of equating the structural performance of an aggregate course to the structural performance of a high-quality aggregate base, such as a Class 6. As such, the G.E. is also an empirical approach to classifying the strength characteristics of an aggregate material.
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EP
Friction.
Bituminous wear and non-wear course mixtures
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References
Pavement Design, http://www.dot.state.mn.us/materials/pvmtdesign/manual.html
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