Directional Terms You Must Know

Caudal towards the tail Ventral towards the belly Dorsal towards the back Anterior towards the head Posterior towards the rear Lateral to the sides Medial towards the middle

Distal farther from the core of the body Proximal closer to the core of the body Buccal mouth region Pharyngeal muscular swallowing region of throat Integumentary the skin system Respiratory dealing with gas exchange Cardiovascular dealing with circulation of blood

Chordate Evolution

Four defining characteristics of the phylum Chordata

Notochord Post-anal tail Pharyngeal gill slits or pouches Dorsal hollow nerve cord

Advantages of Chordate Characteristics

Notochord provides stabilizing structure and muscle attachment = mobility in water Gill slits/pouches efficient oxygen delivery system in large bodied organisms Post-anal tail propulsion DHNC No clear hypothesis why dorsal would be any better than ventral

Subphyla of the Chordates

Urochordata tunicates (sea squirts) Cephalochordata Lancelets (amphioxus) Vertebrata more accurately called Craniata, including anything with a cranium

Hypotheses on Vertebrate Evolution

Urochordate Ancestor: (1928) proposes larval tunicates are ancestor; larval forms retained form into adulthood and gained gonads to reproduce (paedomorphosis) Cephalochordate Ancestor: (1991) proposes a lancelet ancestor due to many fossil forms that show notochord, myomeres, gill structure, and caudal projections.

Vertebrata Groups
Agnathans lampreys and hagfish Gnathostomes jaw opening cartilaginous fish, bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, & mammals

AGNATHA

Hagfish

vs

Lampreys
No jaws Cartilaginous skeleton No paired fins, but dorsal fin present Eyes well developed No mucus glands

No jaws Cartilaginous skeleton No paired or dorsal fins No eyes Many mucus glands

Hagfish

Lampreys

Gnathostomes Animals with Jaws

Hinged jaws were the most important evolutionary development Jaw structure is thought to be derived from the first gill arch Jaw was probably at first a hinged mechanism that prevented reflux of water during breathing Jaws allowed new sources of food and new niches MORE FOOD = BETTER SURVIVAL = MORE BABIES = MORE REPRESENTATIVES WITH THOSE GENES FOR THE GOOD TRAIT

Jaw Development

Development of Paired Fins

Paired fins include the pectoral and pelvic fins. Pectoral fins are used for balancing and turning Pelvic fins are for stabilizing motion Both kinds help control pitch, yaw, and roll

Pitch, Yaw, and Roll?!?

Origin of Paired Fins

Paired fins might have evolved from the most posterior gill arch, folds of the body wall, or from spiny appendages along the body. The fossil record provides no clear answer to which hypothesis is accurate or if more than one may be accurate.

Acanthoidians (spiny sharks) that support the idea of fins from spines

Paired Fins continued

Once paired fins arose, wide radiation of fish groups occurred. Many fish groups are now extinct, but fish are still the most abundant and widespread vertebrate

Chondrichthyes
Osteichthyes

Placoderms Mean and Extinct

Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fish

Sharks

Chimaeras (Ratfish)

Rays

Skates

Chondrichthyan characteristics
Cartilaginous skeleton No bony structures except in the teeth and scales Placoid scales (hooked from the side view) Approximately 850 living species, mostly marine

Subclasses of the Chondrichthyes

Elasmobranchii sharks, skates, rays Holocephali chimaeras (also called ratfish)

Skates vs Rays

Skates

vs

Rays
Dorsoventrally flattened Hugely enlarged pectoral fins Whip-like tail Sometimes poisonous Dorsal fins usually absent Pelvic fin is 2 lobed

Dorsoventrally flattened Hugely enlarged pectoral fins More muscular tail Usually 2 dorsal fins Lay eggs in cases Pelvic fin is one lobe

Chimaera Facts

Males have a single clasper on the head used for clenching the female during mating. The gills are covered with a fleshy flap. They have grinding plates rather than separate teeth. Deep-sea dwellers

Shark Facts
Have 5 to 7 gill slits. Range in size from 7 inches long (dwarf lanternshark) to 39 feet long (whale shark)

Birth Patterns
Oviparous laying eggs outside of the body, most often with external fertilization (salmon, gray nurse shark) Ovoviviparous eggs are retained in the female body but are not connected to her during development, internal fertilization (dogfish, hammerheads, coelacanths) Viviparous egg is fertilized internally and retains a connection to the mother for nutrients until birth (bull sharks, surf perch, guppies, mollies)

Structures Unique to Fish that Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes Share

Lateral line system to detect pressure waves. Two chambered heart with single atrium and ventricle. Have a range of birth patterns from oviparous, ovoviviparous, to viviparous birth.

Osteichthyes The Bony Fish

Bony Fish have skeletons made of bone. The two subclasses exist: the-ray finned fish (Actinopterygii) and the lobe-finned fish (Sarcopterygii) The ray-finned fish comprise 97% of all living species of fish.

Sarcoptyergii

Lobe-finned fish have fleshy fins with internal bones. Lungfish and coelacanths belong to this group.

Lungfish
Lung is a highly vascularized swim bladder. They do also have gills. Gulp air at surface when oxygen levels drop. Can survive droughts by burying themselves into mucus-lined burrows.

The Ray-Finned Fish

Ray finned means the fins are webs of membrane supported by internal bony spines called fin rays. Have a bony plate covering the gills, called the operculum. Have a symmetrical homocercal tail. Have a swim bladder used for buoyancy and gas exchange.