ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) A FORMAL INTRODUCTION

What does

artificial intelligence mean?

Programming a computer to successfully perform tasks that are thought to require intelligence

Playing chess Proving theorems Translating Russian into English Walking across a room Recognizing a familiar face Understanding directions

DEFINITIONS OF AI

Study of how to make computers do things at which, at the moment, people are better. (Elain Rich) (Memorizing and intelligence) The science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by human. (Minsky) Based on programming techniques: A branch of computer science dealing with symbolic, non-algorithmic methods of problem solving. (Buchanan and Shortliffe) 3

Some more definitions

Part of computer science that concerns with designing intelligent computer systems, that is, systems that exhibit the characteristics we associate with intelligence in human behavior. (Barr and Feigenbaum) The branch of computer science that deals with ways of representing knowledge using symbols rather than numbers and with rules-of-thumb or heuristic methods for processing information. (Buchanan)

Some more definitions

A way of making a machine think intelligently. Branch of computer science that is concerned with automation of intelligent behavior. A recursive definition: AI is the collection of problems and methodologies studied by AI researchers.

HISTORY: 1930: John Dewey, How we think to 1990s Genetic Algorithms and the 6th Generation Computing
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HISTORY OF AI Main Events

The Dartmouth Conference

According to the organizers proposal, the conference was intended to explore the conjecture, that every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can in principle be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it. That conjecture, of course, continues to be a focus of AI research.

The Conference Organizers

John McCarthy - Assistant Professor of Mathematics at Dartmouth. Marvin Minsky - Junior Fellow in mathematics and neurology at Harvard, both had worked with Shannon at Bell Labs. Nathaniel Rochester - Manager of information research for IBM. Interested in intelligent machines. Claude Shannon - Bell Labs; Established his reputation firmly earlier.

The conference, funded by a $7500 Rockefeller Foundation Grant, was organized by four scientists, 2 from academia and 2 from industry. 8

The Dartmouth Conference

1956 Dartmouth Conference, Hanover, New Hampshire: AI revolution was launched. About a dozen scientists representing disciplines of

Mathematics Neurology Psychology Electrical Engineering among others

were there.

The Dartmouth Conference

They all in their various fields, were using computers to try to simulate various aspects of human intelligence. A new branch of computer science crystallized at the conference, combining elements of several different avenues of research into a unified field. There was no universal agreement about what to call the new science. However, Artificial Intelligence, the name suggested by John McCarthy, one of the conference organizers, has come to be associated firmly with the field.

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Can Machines Think?

Computers were used by Americans and the British during World War II to expedite complex tasks such as numerical computations and code breaking activities that previously had been assumed to require human intelligence.

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Can Machines Think?

Notice that shift in the frontier of intelligence in the last 50 years. We have become so accustomed to calculating machines that we now consider that kind of activity to be mechanical. It was probably inevitable that scientists working with the first computers would speculate about how intelligent these new electronic marvels could become. 12

Can Machines Think?

Alan Turing, a mathematician, was working on Project Ultra, the successful British effort to break the German Code during World War II. As part if his role in that project, Turing helped design one of the first computers ever built. Turing also wrote an article entitled Computing Machinery and Intelligence, which secured for him the distinction of being generally recognized as the father of AI. He proposed a question Can machines think? Turing suggested a test, in the form of game, that could help decide the issue. He called it imitation game. (Replicating, human behavior)

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The Turing Test

You are the interrogator; you can direct questions to either Person A or Person B through a keyboard to the screen, but you do not know which is the man and which is the woman. Only one of the persons is obligated to reply truthfully, the other person is actively engaged in attempting to fool and confuse you, using any deceitful tactics that will make you guess incorrectly. The objective of the game is to try to guess which person is male and which is female solely by analyzing the responses through a keyboard. Screen communication.

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The Turing Test

Next, and this is the critical part of the Turing test, substitute a computer for one of the people. Now the human is obligated to give you truthful, human-like responses; but the computer is trying to fool you into thinking that it is human!

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The Turing Test

It is considered to be any situation in which a human converses with an unseen respondent and attempts to determine if the dialogue is being conducted with a human or a computer. If a computer can fool you into believing that you are talking to a human, the computer can be said to be intelligent. 17

Intelligent Test for Computers

Alan Turing, a pioneer in the theory of computation, once proposed an intelligent test for computer programs [Turing 1950]. In one variant of the Turing Test, a human judge is allowed to interrogate a program through some sort of an interface such as a video terminal. If the program can fool the human into believing that it is another human responding rather than a computer, then the program is judged intelligent. You can imagine variants of this test in which you manipulate a robots environment to see how robot responds and judge the robot as intelligent or not, depending on whether the robot responds in accordance with how a human might in the same situation.

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What AI competitions exist?

The Loebner Prize, based on a fund of over $100,000 established by New York businessman Hugh G. Loebner, is awarded annually for the computer program that best emulates natural human behavior. During the contest, a panel of independent judges attempts to determine whether the responses on a computer terminal are being produced by a computer or a person, along the lines of the Turing Test. The designers of the best program each year win a cash award and a medal. If a program passes the test in all its particulars, then the entire fund will be paid to the program's designer and the fund abolished. For further information about the Loebner Prize, see the URL http://www.loebner.net/Prizef/loebner-prize.html

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HISTORY OF AI Details Later

DISUCSSING NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

AI TREE

Computers are

Good at:

Bad at:
Writing poetry Composing music Understanding speech Driving cars Enjoying peaches Learning new things

Number crunching Storing information Airline scheduling Transmitting data Structured data bases Graphics

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Artificial Intelligence Human Intelligence!

We need to build intelligent machines?

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INTELLIGENCE
Natural

God made Associated with human Human behavior Psychology Five senses Symbolic data Fuzzy ness

Artificial

Man made Associated with machines To emulate human behavior in terms of computational processes Various sensors Numeric + Symbolic Uncertainty to be dealt with

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Definition of Intelligent Agent:

A software routine that waits in the background and performs an action when a specified event occurs. For example, agents could transmit a summary file on the first day of the month or monitor incoming data and alert the user when certain transactions have arrived.

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How do we build an intelligent agent?

Must be able to perceive its environment. Must be able to affect its environment. Must be able to reason about observations and actions Must be able to learn from observations and actions. Must have goals.

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Building Intelligent Agents: First Challenge

Create a representation of the world in terms computers can deal with

Numbers? Text Logic

Lets assume everything about the task can be represented we have complete knowledge

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Building Intelligent Agents: Second Challenge

Extend your programs to handle situations where knowledge isnt complete, i.e., where there is uncertainty

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Intelligent Agents
prior knowledge
experience goals/values

observations

Building Intelligent Agents

prior knowledge experience goals/values observations Agent actions

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Intelligent Agent Skills include

Vision Processing Planning Robotics Natural Language Understanding Search Reasoning Machine Learning

Representation of the World

Symbols (Logic, Numbers)

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AI programming Vs. Conventional programming

AI

CONVENTIONAL

Primarily symbolic Heuristic, Solution steps implicit Control structure separate from knowledge base Easy to modify Satisfactory answers acceptable

Primarily numeric Algorithmic, Solution step explicit Information and control integrated Difficult to modify Correct answers required

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NLP

Heuristic Search
T.Prov.

Knowledge Rep.
ROBOTS & MV

Languages & Tools

Reasoning & Logic

ES

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AI: CENTRAL THEMES

THEMES K. representation Inference and control Learn and adapt Handling uncertainty Reasoning Knowledge/search tradeoff, Combinatorial explosion Problem decomposition

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WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE AND HOW IT WORKS?

Intelligence is ability to meet situations successfully perceive inter relationship of facts learn and understand from experience acquire and retain knowledge respond quickly and successfully to a new situation

Goals

We think because there are things we have to do Facts and rules Pruning Inferencing

To respond to a situation very flexibly To make sense out of ambiguous or contradictory messages To recognize the relative importance of different elements of a situation To find similarities B/W situations despite differences which may separate them To draw distinctions B/W situations despite similarities which may link them

Intelligence

Control

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Facts And Rules

Intelligence

1) Collection of facts.
2) Means of utilizing these facts to reach goals. 3) Done by formulating set of rules relating to all facts stored in the brain.

Fact/Rule Set1: Fact 1: A burning stove is hot. Rule 1:If I put my hand on a burning stove, Then it hurt. Fact/Rule Set 2: Fact 2: During rush hours, streets are crowded with cars.

Rule 2: If I try to cross a major highway on foot during rush hours,

Then I may get hit by a car.

How Does Human Intelligence Work?

Goals:

Example Wake up in the morning. To go to office. Reach in time. Goals ----- ultimate goals.

Thoughts are not random or arbitrary. Pressed into service because of goal(s). No thoughts without goal. We do not do things because we think, we think because there are things we have to do.

Example; Wakeup in the morning. Reach office in time. Brain is bombarded with all type of data . (directly/indirectly , related/unrelated). If we had to deal with this multi data,

we might stand across the road for years.

How mind extracts the right set of rules is pruning. Eliminates irrelevant pathways. Reach goal immediately. Focus on rules pertinent to solving the immediate problem. 40

Interference Mechanism Reaching goal; Problem solved + New knowledge acquired. Fact 1: Jims parents are John & Mary. Fact 2: Janes parents are John & Mary. Rule: If a male person & female person have same parents. Then they are brother and sister. Goals: Relation between Jim & Jane. Inference: New facts produced; Jim & Jane are brother and sister. The component of intelligence that helps us arrive at new facts is called the Inference Engine, Inference Mechanism. Problem may have not a vast store of information. From this we have to determine the proper course of action. Avoid irrelevant knowledge components. This is what we called Pruning

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WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE AND HOW IT WORKS?

Intelligence is ability to

meet situations successfully perceive inter relationship of facts learn and understand from experience acquire and retain knowledge respond quickly and successfully to a new situation To respond to a situation very flexibly To make sense out of ambiguous or contradictory messages To recognize the relative importance of different elements of a situation To find similarities B/W situations despite differences which may separate them To draw distinctions B/W situations despite similarities which may link them

Goals

Intelligence

We think because there are things we have to do Facts and rules Pruning Inferencing

Control

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Strong AI
It makes the bold claim that computers can be made to think on a level (at least) equal to humans.

Weak AI
It simply states that some thinking like features can be added to computers make them more useful tools like expert systems, speech recognition software etc.

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Intelligent Systems
Statistics

Artificial Intelligence
Signal Processing Intelligent Systems

Theoretical Physics

Control Theory

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Robots

AI Technologies

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AI Technologies

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AI Technologies

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AI Technologies

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AI Technologies

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AI Technologies
Robotics Expert Systems

Computer Vision
Speech Recognition Automatic Programming Natural Language Processing Planning and Decision Support Intelligent Computer Aided Instruction

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AI Technologies and Applications

AI TECHNOLOGIES

ROBOTICS

EXPERT SYSTEMS

VISION

SPEECH

NLU

CAI

GAME PLAYING GPS T. PROVING

LEARNING

KE

Factory Automation Autonomous Vehicals Mechatronics

Fault Diagnosis Intelligent Assistant Medical, Control, etc.

Perception Guidance Inspection Verification

Understanding Generation Text to Speech Speaker

Comm. Grammer

Learning and teaching

Neural Networks Parallel Computing Genetic Algorithms

Acquisition

Text understanding Text generation Explanation

Domain Specific Applications of AI

APPLICATIONS

MEDICAL

SCIENCE & ENGG.

INDUSTRY

MILITARY

SERVICES

SPACE

FINANCIAL NATURAL RESOURCES

Diagnosis Treatment Monitoring Knowledge Automation

Plant control Data interpretation Intelligent design Chem. & Bio. Synthesis

Factory M, P & S Intelligent Robots Inspection Mechatronics

Surveillance Target Trk. & Recog. Autonomous Vehicles Expert Advisors

Intelligent KB Access

Groupd Ops. Aid P&S

Tax Prep. ES Intelligent Consultant

Prospecting Aids
Drilling Ops. Resource Recovery Resource Management

Traffic control

Remote Ops. Sensor Fusion

Generic Applications of AI
Knowledge Management: Human Interaction:

Intelligent Database access

Knowledge acquisition Text understanding

Speech understanding
Speech generation Learning and Teaching: Computer aided instruction Intelligent computer aided instruction Learning from experience Concept generation Operation and maintenance instruction

Text generation
Machine translation Explanation Logical operations on databases

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Generic Applications of AI

Fault Diagnosis and Repair:

Communication: Public access to large databases via telephone and speech understanding Natural Language interfaces to computer programs Operations of Machines and Complex Systems: Factory Automation Mechatronics

Humans
Machines Systems Computation: Symbolic Mathematics Fuzzy operation Automatic programming

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Generic Applications of AI

Autonomous Intelligent Systems:

Design: Systems Equipment Intelligent Design Aids Inventing Visual Perception and Guidance: Inspection Identification Verification

Autonomous vehicles
Management: Planning Scheduling Monitoring Sensor Interpretation and Integration: Developing meaning from sensor data Sensor fusion (integrating multiple sensor inputs to develop high level interpretations)

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Generic Applications of AI

Visual Perception and Guidance (Continued):

Medical:
Patient Monitoring Prosthetics Artificial Sight and Hearing Reading Machines for the Blind Medical Knowledge Automation Executive Assistance: Real Mail and Spot Items on Importance Planning Aids

Guidance
Screening Monitoring Intelligent Assistants: Medical Diagnosis, Maintenance Aids, and other Expert Systems Expert System Building Tools

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Generic Applications of AI

Science And Engineering: Discovering Physical and mathematical laws Determination of regularities and aspects of interest Chemical and Biological Synthesis Planning Test Management

Industrial: Factory Management Production Planning and Scheduling Intelligent Robots Process Planning Intelligent Machines Computer-Aided Inspection Mechatronics

Data Interpretation
Intelligent Design Aids

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Generic Applications of AI

Military: Expert Advisers Sensor Synthesis and Interpretation Battle and Threat Assessment Automatic Photo Interpretation Tactical planning Military Surveillance

Military: Intelligent Robots Diagnosis and Maintenance Aids Target Location and Tracking Map Development Aids Intelligent Interactions with Knowledge Bases Financial: Tax Preparation Financial Expert Systems

Weapon-Target Assignment
Autonomous Vehicles

Intelligent Consultants

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International: Aids to Understanding and Interpretation Goals, aspirations and motives of different countries and cultures

Generic Applications of AI

Natural Resources: Prospecting Aids Resource operations Drilling Procedures Resource Recovery Guidance Resource Management Using Remote Sensing Data

Cultural models for interpreting how others perceive

Natural language Translation Services: Intelligent Knowledge Base Access Airline Reservations

Air Traffic Control and Ground Traffic Control

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Generic Applications of AI

Space: Ground Operation Aids Planning and Scheduling Aids

Diagnosis and Reconfiguration Aids

Remote Operations of Spacecraft and Space Vehicles Test Monitors Real-time Re-planning as required by failures, changed conditions, or new opportunities Automatic Subsystem Operations

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Playing Chess

A game of chess can be analyzed by a symbolic program. Each chess piece is represented by a symbol, and the rules governing legal moves are represented by symbolic expressions.

APPLYING AI

Physics VLSI Design Non Destructive Testing Element Classification Load Measuring Mechanical Design Assembly Teaching Physics Isotopes Detection Circuit Analysis Learning

Control Broom Balancer Prediction and Estimation Backing of a Truck Power Plant Control Robotics Precision Manufacturing

Computing Speech Recognition Intelligent Agent on the Net Network Management and Routing Troubleshooting Character Recognition

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