Professional Documents
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- Stages of Sleep - Sleep Disorders - Measuring Sleep in the Laboratory - Brain Wave Frequencies - Artifacts - Sleep stages analysis
Sleep Disorders
Headaches Insomnia (sleep - -) - difficulty falling asleep - waking up frequently during the night - waking up too early in the morning - unrefreshing sleep
Sleepiness (sleep + +) - fall asleep while driving - concentrating at work, school, or home - have difficulty remembering Restless Legs Syndrome - sensations of discomfort in the legs during periods of inactivity Narcolepsy - sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking hours Sleep apnea REM sleep disorders
age (years)
The decrease of NREM sleeping is caused partially by decrease of delta waves. (does not meet criteria for delta waves)
Electroencephalogram (EEG): Measures electrical activity of the brain. Electrooculogram (EOG): Measures eye movements. An electrode placed near the eye will record a change in voltage as the eye moves. Electromyogram (EMG): Measures electrical activity of the muscles. In humans, sleep researchers usually record from under the chin, as this area undergoes dramatic changes during sleep.
Stage Wake
EEG:
- rhythmic alpha waves (8-12Hz) // only if the eyes are closed - beta waves (20-30Hz)
EOG:
EMG:
Stage REM
EEG:
EOG:
EMG:
EEG:
EOG:
EMG:
EEG:
- sleep spindles (oscillating with the frequency between 12-15 Hz) - K-complexes (high voltage, sharp rising and sharp falling wave) - relatively low voltage mixed frequency - the absence eye movements - constant tonic activity
EOG: EMG:
EEG:
- consists of high-voltage (>=75uV) - slow delta activity (<=2 Hz) // electrodes Fpz-Cz or Pz-Oz
EOG:
EMG:
Artifacts
Muscle artifacts:
Other artifacts: - Eye Flutter, slow and rapid eye movements - ECG artifact - Sweat artifact - Metal contact (touching metal during recording) - Salt Bridge (between two electrodes) - Static electricity artifact - Glossokinetic (movements of tongue)
System Structure
reduce data quantity (speeds up total computing time) divide signal into 1 second segments
compute mean power density in individual frequency bands for each segment
Feature Extraction
Hypnogram (rate by expert)
EEG (Fpz-Cz)
EEG (Pz-Oz)
Spectrogram:
29 Hz
Feature Normalization
The features contain great number of peaks -> normalization
Decision Rules
Searching suitable decision rules: - convert all features of all patients to the Weka format. - Weka (http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/ml/weka) is a collection of machine learning algorithmus contains tools for datapreprocessing, classification, regression, clustering, association rules and visualization The most significant found rules:
EEG 16-30Hz > 20% WAKE
true
S4
false
EEG 0.5-3Hz > 65% S3
REM
true
S2
false
EEG 13-15Hz > 10% S1
Markov models use - contextual information in EEG signa - approximate knowledge of transitions probability
Results
- Final classification accuracy approximately 80% - Problem with detection S1 stage