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CS1010: Programming Methodology http://www.comp.nus.edu.
sg/~cs1010/
Week 5: Repetition Statements

Objectives: Understand the program control structure called
loops Compare the different types of repetition structure
References: Chapter 4 Lessons 4.7 4.11
CS1010 (AY2013/4 Semester 1)
Week5 - 2
Week 5: Outline (1/2)

1. Week 4 Exercise #3: NRIC Check Code 2. Loops! 3. The while Loop
3.1 Demo 3.2 Loop condition 3.3 Tracing
4. The do-while Loop 5. The for Loop

5.1 Odd Integers
6. Exercise #1: Sum of Multiples of 3 7. Exercise #2: Asterisks
Week5 - 3
Week 5: Outline (2/2)

8. Common Errors
9. Some Notes of Caution 10. Exercise #3: Tracing Nested Loops
11. Using break in Loop

12. Using continue in Loop 13. Exercise #4: Prime Number (take-home)
Week5 - 4
1. Week 4 Ex3: NRIC Check Code (1/3)

Algorithm for NRIC check code
NRIC consists of 7 digits.
Eg: 8730215
Step 1: Multiply the digits with corresponding

weights 2,7,6,5,4,3,2 and add them up. Eg: 82 + 77 + 36 + 05 + 24 + 13 + 52 =
16+49+18+0+8+3+10 = 104
Step 2: Divide step 1 result by 11 to obtain the

remainder. Eg: 104 % 11 = 5
Week5 - 5

Algorithm for NRIC check code (cont)
Step 3: Subtract step 2 result from 11
Eg: 11 5 = 6
Step 4: Match step 3 result in this table for the check

code
1 A 2 B 3 C 4 D 5 E 6 F 7 G 8 H 9 I 10 11 Z J
Eg: The check code corresponding to 6 is F.
Therefore, the check code for 8730215 is F.
Sample run:
Enter 7-digit NRIC number: 8730215 Check code is F

Week5 - 6

Write a program Week4_NRIC.c to generate the check code given
a 7-digit NRIC number. Your program should include a function char generateCode(int) that takes in a single integer (the NRIC number) and returns a character (which is the check code). You need to use the char type. (Explore this on your own.) A character constant is enclosed in single quotes (eg: 'A', 'Z'). The format specifier for char type is %c (to be used in a printf() statement). Do not use techniques that are not covered in class, such as array. Your program may be long now. You can write an improved version later. This is your take-home exercise. This exercise is mounted on CodeCrunch.
Week5 - 7
Recall: Control Structures
if-else, switch
Week5 - 8
2. LOOPS! (1/2)
A program without a loop and a structure variable isnt worth writing.
Alan J.Perlis Yale University The first recipient of ACM Turing Award
A loop is a statement whose job is to repeatedly execute some other statement(s).
Week5 - 9
2. LOOPS! (2/2)
Loop condition
cond?
true
Each round of the loop is called an iteration.

false
loop body
Some statement(s)
Week5 - 10
2. Loop: Demo (1/3)
Keep prompting the user to input a non-negative integer, and output that integer. Halt the loop when the input is negative.
Key observations:

Enter a number: 12 You entered: 12 Enter a number: 0 You entered: 0 Enter a number: 26 You entered: 26 Enter a number: 5 You entered: 5 Enter a number: -1
You keep repeating a task while certain condition is met, or alternatively, you repeat until the condition is not met. You do not know beforehand how many iterations there will be.
Week5 - 11
2. Loop: Demo (2/3)

Same code repeated
Algorithm: condition read num if (num >= 0) { print the value entered read num } body else end input request
if (num >= 0) { print the value entered read num } else end input request ....
Enter a number: 12 You entered: 12 Enter a number: 0 You entered: 0 Enter a number: 26 You entered: 26 Enter a number: 5 You entered: 5 Enter a number: -1
Week5 - 12
2. Loop: Demo (3/3)

Week5_Read_print.c int main(void) int num; num >= 0? true printf printf scanf {
false
printf("Enter a number: "); scanf("%d", &num); while (num >= 0) { printf("You entered: %d\n", num); printf("Enter a number: "); scanf("%d", &num); } return 0; }
Week5 - 13
3. The while Loop

while ( condition ) { // loop body }
cond? true Loop body false
If condition is true, execute loop body; otherwise, terminate loop.
Week5 - 14
3.1 The while Loop: Demo (1/3)
Keep prompting the user to enter a nonnegative integer. Halt the loop when the input is negative, and output the maximum integer entered so far.
Enter a number: 12 Enter a number: 0 Enter a number: 26 Enter a number: 5 Enter a number: -1 The maximum number is 26
Week5 - 15

maxi = 0; read num; if (num >= 0) { if (maxi < num) maxi = num; read num; } else stop; if (num >= 0) { if (maxi < num) maxi = num; read num; } else stop; ... print maxi;
CS1010 (AY2013/4 Semester 1) Week5 - 16
maxi = 0; read num; while (num >= 0) { if (maxi < num) maxi = num; read num; } print maxi;

int main(void) { int num, maxi = 0; Week5_Find_max.c
printf("Enter a number: "); scanf("%d", &num); while (num >= 0) { if (maxi < num) { maxi = num; } printf("Enter a number: "); scanf("%d", &num); } prinf("The maximum number is %d\n", maxi); return 0;
}
3.2 while Loop Condition (1/2)

a = 2;
b = 7; while (a == b) { print a;
Output: ?
a = a + 2;
}
When the loop condition is always false, the loop body

is not executed.
Week5 - 18
3.2 while Loop Condition (2/2)

a = 2;
b = 7; while (a != b) { print a;
Output: ?
a = a + 2;
}
Week5 - 19
3.3 Tracing while Loop (1/4)
(a)
Trace the following codes manually and write out their outputs (assume all variables are of type int)
a = 1; while (a*a < 100) { printf("%d ", a); a *= 2; } printf("\n"); b = 0; c = 9; while (b < c) { printf("b=%d, c=%d\n", b, c); b++; c--; } printf("outside: b=%d, c=%d\n", b, c);
Week5 - 20
(b)

Example: Given a positive integer n, print out its digits from least significant to most significant. Sample run:
Enter a positive integer: 28943 3 4 9 8 2

Example: Given a positive integer n, print out its digits from least significant to most significant.
// Precond: n > 0 void print_digits(int n) int digit;
Week5_Print_digits.c
while (n > 0) { digit = n%10; printf("%d\n", digit); n /= 10; } }


// Precond: n > 0 void print_digits(int n) int digit;
Week5_Print_digits.c
while (n > 0) { digit = n%10; printf("%d\n", digit); n /= 10; } } n initially n @ point digit @ point
What are the values of n and digit after exiting the loop?
28943 28943 ***

Week5 - 23
4. The do-while Loop (1/2)

do { // loop body } while ( condition );
Loop body
Execute loop body at least once.
true
cond?
false
Week5 - 24
4. The do-while Loop (2/2)

Example: Count the number of digits in an integer.
// Precond: n > 0 int count_digits(int n) int counter = 0; do { counter++; n /= 10; } while (n > 0); return counter; }
do { // loop body } while ( condition );
Week5_Count_digits.c
5. The for Loop (1/2)

for ( initialization; condition; update ) { // loop body }
Initialization: initialize the Condition: repeat loop loop variable while the condition on loop variable is true Update: change value of loop variable
5. The for Loop (2/2)

Example: Print numbers 1 to 10
int n; for (n=1; n<=10; n++) { printf("%3d", n); }
Steps:
1.n=1; 2.if (n<=10) { printf(); n++; Go to step 2 }

3. Exit the loop
Week5 - 27
5.1 The for Loop: Odd Integers (1/2)

Week5_OddIntegers_v1.c #include <stdio.h> void print_odd_integers(int); int main(void) { int num; printf("Enter a positive integer: "); scanf("%d", &num); print_odd_integers(num); return 0; }
// Precond: n > 0 void print_odd_integers(int n) int i; for (i=1; i<=n; i+=2) printf("%d ", i); printf("\n"); }
Week5 - 28
5.1 The for Loop: Odd Integers (2/2)

Week5_OddIntegers_v2.c // Precond: n > 0 void print_odd_integers(int n) { int i; for (i=1; i<=n; i++) if (i%2 != 0) printf("%d ", i); printf("\n"); } Week5_OddIntegers_v3.c // Precond: n > 0 void print_odd_integers(int n) { for ( ; n > 0; n--) if (n%2 != 0) Values printed from printf("%d ", n); Empty largest to smallest. printf("\n"); statement }
Week5 - 29
6. Exercise #1: Sum of Multiples of 3 (1/2)

Modify the program Week5_OddIntegers_v1.c to read a positive integer n and then compute the sum of all integers which are multiples of 3 between 1 and n using a for loop. Write a function called sum_multiples_of_3(int).
This problem can be solved with a formula, but we will use the for loop just for exercise.
Call this program Week5_SumMultiples3.c Sample run: Enter a positive integer: 50 Sum = 408
Week5 - 30
6. Exercise #1: Sum of Multiples of 3 (2/2)

How about using a while loop instead? Pseudo-code using a while loop: precondition: n > 0 sum 0 i n while i > 0 if i is multiple of 3 then sum sum + i i i - 1 return sum
Week5 - 31
7. Exercise #2: Asterisks (1/2)

Write a program Week5_Asterisks.c to read an integer n and print a certain number of asterisks on a single line. Write a function print_asterisks(int). If n is non-positive, then no asterisk should be printed. Sample runs: Think! What is Enter n: 3 ***** Done! Enter n: 6 *********** Done!
the relationship between n and the number of *?
Enter n: 10 ******************* Done!

Enter n: -2 Done!
Week5 - 32
7. Exercise #2: Asterisks (2/2)

Write a program Week5_Asterisks.c to read an integer n and print a certain number of asterisks on a single line. Write a function print_asterisks(int). Pseudo-code: read input n ; if n is non-positive print done and end program ; m compute the number of asterisks given n print_asterisks(m) end program;
8. Common Errors (1/2)

What are the outputs for the following programs? (Do not code and run them. Trace the programs manually.)
int i; for (i=0; i<10; i++); printf("%d\n", i);
Week5_CommonErrors1.c
int i = 0; while (i<10); { printf("%d\n", i); i++; } Week5_CommonErrors2.c
8. Common Errors (2/2)

int z = 3; while (z = 1) { printf("z = %d\n", z); z = 99; }
Week5_CommonErrors3.c
Off-by-one error; make sure the loop repeats exactly the correct number of iterations. Make sure the loop body contains a statement that will eventually cause the loop to terminate. Using = where it should be == Putting ; where it should not be (just like for the if statement)
Week5 - 35
9. Some Notes of Caution (1/2)

Involving real numbers
Trace the program manually without running it.
double one_seventh = 1.0/7.0; double f = 0.0; while (f != 1.0) { printf("%f\n", f); f += one_seventh; }
Week5_Caution1.c
Week5 - 36
9. Some Notes of Caution (2/2)

Involving wrap-around
Trace the program manually without running it. int a = 2147483646; int i; for (i=1; i<=5; i++) { printf("%d\n", a); a++; }
Week5_Caution2.c
Week5 - 37
10. Exercise #3: Tracing Nested Loops

You are given Week5_NestedLoop1.c, Week5_NestedLoop2.c and Week5_NestedLoop3.c Hand trace the programs and write out the outputs without running the programs Verify your answers by running the programs
Week5 - 38
11. Using break in Loop (1/2)

You have seen break in switch statement break can also be used in a loop Test out Week5_BreakInLoop.c
Week5 - 39
11. Using break in Loop (2/2)

Use break sparingly, because it violates the one-entryone-exit control flow. A loop with break can be rewritten into one without break.
// without break int n, i = 1, sum = 0; int isValid = 1; while ((i <= 5) && isValid){ scanf("%d", &n); if (n < 0) isValid = 0; else { sum += n; i++; } }
Week5 - 40
// with break int n, i = 1, sum = 0; while (i <= 5) { scanf("%d", &n); if (n < 0) break; sum += n; i++; }
12. Using continue in Loop

Test out Week5_ContinueInLoop.c
continue is used even less often than break
Week5 - 41
13. Exercise #4: Prime Number (1/2)

Primality test is a classic programming problem
Given a positive integer, determine whether it is a prime A prime number has two distinct factors (divisors): 1 and itself. Examples: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, ... (Note: 1 is not a prime!)
Write a program Week5_PrimeTest.c. You should include a function is_prime(int). (What does it return?) Sample runs:
Enter a positive integer: 131 131 is a prime. Enter a positive integer: 713 713 is not a prime.
Week5 - 42
13. Exercise #4: Prime Number (2/2)

This is your take-home exercise. This exercise is mounted on CodeCrunch. We will discuss this in the next lecture.
Week5 - 43
Summary for Today (1/2)
Repetition statements (loops)
for, while, do-while

Nested loops break and continue
Week5 - 44
Summary for Today (2/2)

You have learned the 3 control structures:
Sequence, Selection, Repetition
With these, you are able to solve just any computing problem! However, writing good programs is more than just learning the syntax:

Logic should be clear Variables should be descriptive Algorithm should be efficient
Week5 - 45
Announcements/Things-to-do

Revise Chapter 4 (Lessons 4.7 4.11) Deadline for Lab #2
Deadline: 14th September 2013, Saturday, 9am
Practical Exam 1 (PE1)

21st September 2013, Saturday See web page for details:

http://www.comp.nus.edu.sg/~cs1010/3_ca/pe.html
To prepare for next weeks lecture:

Read Chapter 5 Functions Bring along your Week5_PrimeTest.c program
Week5 - 46
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CS1010: Programming Methodology http://www.comp.nus.edu.

Week 5: Repetition Statements

References: Chapter 4 Lessons 4.7 4.11

CS1010 (AY2013/4 Semester 1)

Week 5: Outline (1/2)

4. The do-while Loop 5. The for Loop

6. Exercise #1: Sum of Multiples of 3 7. Exercise #2: Asterisks

CS1010 (AY2013/4 Semester 1)

Week 5: Outline (2/2)

11. Using break in Loop

CS1010 (AY2013/4 Semester 1)

1. Week 4 Ex3: NRIC Check Code (1/3)

Step 1: Multiply the digits with corresponding

Step 2: Divide step 1 result by 11 to obtain the

CS1010 (AY2013/4 Semester 1)

1. Week 4 Ex3: NRIC Check Code (2/3)

Step 4: Match step 3 result in this table for the check

Eg: The check code corresponding to 6 is F.

Therefore, the check code for 8730215 is F.

Enter 7-digit NRIC number: 8730215 Check code is F

1. Week 4 Ex3: NRIC Check Code (3/3)

CS1010 (AY2013/4 Semester 1)

Recall: Control Structures

CS1010 (AY2013/4 Semester 1)

A loop is a statement whose job is to repeatedly execute some other statement(s).

CS1010 (AY2013/4 Semester 1)

Each round of the loop is called an iteration.

CS1010 (AY2013/4 Semester 1)

2. Loop: Demo (1/3)

CS1010 (AY2013/4 Semester 1)

2. Loop: Demo (2/3)

CS1010 (AY2013/4 Semester 1)

2. Loop: Demo (3/3)

CS1010 (AY2013/4 Semester 1)

3. The while Loop

If condition is true, execute loop body; otherwise, terminate loop.

CS1010 (AY2013/4 Semester 1)

3.1 The while Loop: Demo (1/3)

CS1010 (AY2013/4 Semester 1)

3.1 The while Loop: Demo (2/3)

3.1 The while Loop: Demo (3/3)

3.2 while Loop Condition (1/2)

When the loop condition is always false, the loop body

CS1010 (AY2013/4 Semester 1)

3.2 while Loop Condition (2/2)

CS1010 (AY2013/4 Semester 1)

3.3 Tracing while Loop (1/4)

CS1010 (AY2013/4 Semester 1)

3.3 Tracing while Loop (2/4)

3.3 Tracing while Loop (3/4)

while (n > 0) { digit = n%10; printf("%d\n", digit); n /= 10; } }

3.3 Tracing while Loop (4/4)

CS1010 (AY2013/4 Semester 1)

28943 28943 ***

4. The do-while Loop (1/2)

Execute loop body at least once.

CS1010 (AY2013/4 Semester 1)

4. The do-while Loop (2/2)

do { // loop body } while ( condition );

5. The for Loop (1/2)

5. The for Loop (2/2)

1.n=1; 2.if (n<=10) { printf(); n++; Go to step 2 }

CS1010 (AY2013/4 Semester 1)