Management A Science or Art

A method is scientific if:

o Methods of inquiry are systematic and empirical. o Information can be ordered and analyzed. o Results are cumulative and communicable.

Management is also a science, by the above defininition.

 Management is not an exact science.

Management, hence is a behavioral science.

Management is also an art. Management is an art of getting things done through others in dynamic and most nonrepetitive situations.

Definition of Managemnet given by George R Terry as a process consisting of

Planning Organising Actuating Controlling

Performed to determine and accomplish the objectives by the use of people and resources.

PROCESS OF MANAGEMENT

PLANNING
Planning means that managers think of their actions in advance.

planning

Process of deciding the business objectives and charting out the methods of attaining those objectives. Their actions are usually based on method,plan,or logic,rather than on a hunch Preparing for the future.

planning

Determination of what is to be done.

how and where it is to be done.

Who is to do it. how the results are to be evaluated.

ORGANISING
It means that managers coordinate the human and material resources of the organisation.

organising

Providing personnel,raw materials,tools,capital

It has two main sections a)human organisation b)material organisation

organising

Human organisation is the structure which results from identifying and grouping work,defining and delegating responsibilty and authority and establishing relationships. Staffing is an important function in building human organisation.

Staffing
Manager attempts to find right person for each job. Fixes managers responsibility to recruit and to make certain that there is enough manpower available to fill the various positions needed in the organisation.

Organising-staffing

Involves selection and training of future managers

and a suitable system of compensation.

DIRECTING
Explains to people what they have to do and helps them do it to the best of their ability

directing

Directing involves three sub-functions a)communication b)leadership c) motivation

 Communication is the process of passing information and understanding from one person to another.
Leadership is the process by which a manager guides and influences the work of his subordinates.

Motivation means arousing desire in the minds of workers to give their best to the enterprise

Motivation
Two categories : Financial motivation takes the form of salary,bonus,profit sharing,etc Non-financial motivation takes the form of job security,opportunity of advancement,recognition,praise,etc

Controlling
Manager must ensure that everything occurs in conformity with the plans adopted,the instructions issued and the principles established

controlling

It involves three elements: Establishing standards of performance

Measuring current performance and comparing it against the established standards. Taking action to correct any performance that does not meet those standards.