10.

1 Functions and Relations

Relation

Let X and Y denote sets of real numbers and let (x, y) denote an ordered pair of numbers such that for each xX there is at least one yY. Then a set of number pairs satisfying this condition is called a relation.

Domain and Range

The set of all the first elements of the ordered pairs is called the domain of the relation, and the set of all the second elements is called the range.

Function

A relation in which every ordered pair (x, y) has one and only one value of y corresponding to the value of x is called a function. A function is a relation in which no two ordered pairs have the same first element and different second elements.

List the elements of the domain and the elements of the range of each set of ordered pairs. Tell which are functions.

1. {(2, 1), (4, -3), (3, -1)} 2. {(2, 4), (0, 5), (1, -3)} 3. {(2, 0), (2, 3), (5, 0)} 4. {(5, 1), (1, 5), (5, 2)} 5. {(0, -3), (1, -2), (0, 1)} 6. {(-1, 0), (0, 1), (0, 0)}

Equations and Graphical Representations of Relations

1. y = mx + b Line with slope m and y-intercept b. Function Domain: x Range: y
y

2. (x-h)2 + (y-k)2 = r2
Circle with center (h,k) and radius r Relation Domain: h-r x h+r Range: k-r y k+r
y

(h,k)
x

3. (y-k) = r2 (x-h)2
Semicircle with center (h,k) and radius r Function Domain: h-r x h+r Range: k y k+r
y r (h, k) x

(x-h) = r2 (y-k)2
Semicircle with center (h,k) and radius r Relation Domain: h x h+r Range: k-r y k+r
y (h,k) r x

4. y = a(x-h)2 + k
Parabola with vertex (h, k) axis of symmetry: line x=h Opens up if a > 0 Opens down if a < 0 Function Domain: x Range: y k if parabola opens up y k if parabola opens down

x = a(y-k)2 + h
Parabola with vertex (h,k) Axis of Symmetry: line y=k Opens to the right if a > 0 Opens to the left if a < 0 Relation Domain: x h if parabola opens to the right x h if parabola opens to the left Range: y

5. y = a(x-h) + k
Half parabola Function

x = a(y-k) + h
Half parabola Function

6. y = alx-hl + k
V-shaped graph Vertex: (h, k) Function Domain: x Range: y k if the graph opens up y k if the graph opens down

y = aly-kl + h
V-shaped graph Relation Vertex (h, k) Domain: x h if the graph opens to the right x h if the graph opens to the left Range: y

7. x2-y2 = 1 a2 b 2
Hyperbola Relation Domain: x Range: y a or y -a

y2 x2 = 1 a2 b2
Hyperbola Relation Domain: x a or x -a Range: y

8. x2 + y2 = 1 a2 b 2
Ellipse Relation Domain: -a x a Range: -b y b

9. Graphs with asymptotes

y

x Domain: x 0 Range: y0

10. Inequalities
Relation y < mx + b

Vertical Line Test

If a vertical line intersects a graph in exactly one point, then the graph represents a function.

Function

Not a Function

Exercises
A. Which of the following sets describe a function, and which describe only a relation? 1. {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)} 2. {(1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 4)} 3. {(x, y)l y = 2x + 4} 4. {(x, y)l 2x + 3y = 6}

5. {(x, y)l x + y2 = 1} 6. {(x, y)l y + x2 = 1} 7. {(x, y)l (x-2)2 + (y-3)2 = 9 8. {(x, y)l x y} 9. {(x, y)l y + 1 = 7 x-3 10. {(x, y)l lxl + lyl = 1

B. What is the domain and range of the function and relation in #1-10?

C. Give the domain and range of the following functions, where x, y . 1. y = x 2. y = x 3. y = x2 4. y = 4 x2 5. y = x2 1 6. y = x (1-x) 7. y = 1 (x2 1) 8. y = lxl - 2

D. If f(x) = 2x 3, find 1. f(0) 3. f(3) 2. f(1) 4. f(-4) E. If f(x) = x2 -7x + 10, find 1. f(4) 3. f(3) 2. f(5) 4. f(0)

F. If f(x) = 1/(x 3) , find 1. f(0) 3. f(-1) 2. f(2) 4. f(3) G. If e(x) = 2x, find 1. e(0) 3. e(5) 2. e(1) 4. e(-5)