1

CAMS
in the School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences
Introductory fluid dynamics
by Dr J. Whitty
3 2 1
m m m

= +
2
Lessons structure
The lessons will in general be subdivided
in to eight number of parts, viz.:
1) Statement of learning objectives
2) Points of orders
3) Introductory material (Types of flow)
4) Concept introduction (The conservation of
mass)
5) Development of related principles (flow
continuity)
6) Concrete principle examples via
reinforcement examination type exercises
7) Summary and feedback
8) Formative assessment, via homework task

3
Learning Objectives
State and use the basic
thermodynamic laws
Derive the conservation of mass
Describe the differences between flow
regimes
Calculate simple fluid flow mechanisms
Evaluate volumetric flow rates in fluid
simple systems

After the session the students should be able to:
4
Recap: Laws of thermodynamics
These are quite simply the 4 axioms (self evident
truths) of all modern Physics, they are known as the
four Laws of Thermodynamics and relate to the
quantities of
Zeroth: Temperature
First: Energy
Second: Disorder (Entropy)
Third: Balance of them all
5
Consequences of the first law:
Flow Processes
If we consider the
first law based on
some fluid passing
through a control
volume above a
datum (at sea-level)
for consentience.
Application of the
first law, with the
following
assumption:
1. The mass flow is
constant and equal to
the outlet mass flow
2. The cross-section
properties of the inlet
and outlet are constant
Conservation of Mass
Mass cannot be destroyed or created
6
Conservation of mass
Both Heat and fluid flow must adhere to the principal of
the flow of mass and energy. Here we can consider a
system (sometimes referred to as a control volume) with
fluid flow (or heat) in and out of the system
The unit of mass flow the kg
per second (kg/s). Because
speed has magnitude and
direction, it vector quantity.
2 1
m m m
in

+ =
out
m m

=
3
Consequence??
out in
m m

=
i.e.
7
The Consequence of to Conservation of
Mass
1. The mass (and sometimes volume) flow
rate of a in-viscid, incompressible fluid
(like water or oil) is constant.
2. This principle is one of probably the
fundamental assumption in the field of
Fluid Mechanics, this will now be
explored!
Class Examples Time:
Think of some process which adhere to the above
8
Fluids in motion
As an example of this principle we will investigate the concept of a fluid
(say water) in motion. There is still a little terminology that is
required before we proceed, these being:
1. Assumptions regarding the fluid in motion, namely:
a) Viscid
b) In-viscid
2. Assumptions regarding the type of flow regime
a) Laminar
b) Transition
c) Turbulent
3. Assumptions regarding Compressibility:
1. Compressible, or
2. In-compressible
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1. Viscosity
The viscosity of a fluid is the internal
resistance to a change in the shape.
Typically viscous fluids are treacle like:
glycerine and thick oils. All fluids have some
type of viscosity, however some fluids have
such small viscosities have (e.g. water, air)
can be considered in-viscid i.e. the viscosity
of the fluid can be ignored! It is these type of
fluids we considered here.
Hence we have:
1. Viscid fluids (includes fluid viscosity effects)
2. In-viscid fluids (neglects fluid viscosity effects)
Since the math is considerably reduced when in-
viscid fluids are concerned it is these types we
consider!
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2. Flow regime
Laminar


Turbulent


Transition flow
Class Exercise:
Use the internet to find defientions of the above!
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3. Compressibility
Incompressible fluid: Where the density of the fluid
remains constant! (This course)
Incompressible fluid: Where the density of the fluid
changes during the flow process! (Not this course)
When the Compressibility (Bulk) Modulus
is?

Class Question:
What?
z y x v
p p
K
c c c c + +

=

+ +

=
z y x v
p p
K
c c c c
12
Continuity of flow
For the system shown, given that the
flow is laminar, in-viscid and
incompressible, find the flow rate at the
outlet.
A
1

v
2
m/s
v
1
m/s
A
2

13
Continuity of flow; Solution:
Here we could just apply the
conservation of mass, as we know it is a
consequence of the first law of
thermodynamics, thus:
which implies
t
x
t
x
t
x
A A A
A
A
A
A
A
A
= +
3 3 2 2 1 1

( ) ( ) ( ) x A x A x A
t t t 3 3
1
2 2
1
1 1
1

A A A
= +
3 2 1
m m m

= +
and gives:
As density and the volume
of then control volume are
constant!
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The Continuity Equation:
We have now weve proved the
continuity equitation (I wonder why I
have spent so many slides on it?)
( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 2 2 1 1
3 2 1
v A v A v A
A A A
t
x
t
x
t
x
= +
= = +
A
A
A
A
A
A
Using the fact that. The flow is in-compressible:
3 3 2 2 1 1
v A v A v A = +
The Continuity Equation: :
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Example #2
Evaluate the velocity of the fluid exiting
the barrel of beer:
20mm DIA
1 m/s
6 m/s
30mm DIA
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Example #2; solution:
Apply the continuity equation, thus:
( ) ( ) ( )
3
2 2 2
3
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
1
20 1 30 6 20
4 4 4
v
v
D
v
D
v
D
= +
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
| t t t
Hence:
( ) ( )
1 -
2
2 2
3
ms 25 . 8
20
30 20 6
=
+
= v
Can you drink BEER that quickly?
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Class Problems
3. A system has two inlet rates of 3m
3
/s &
2m
3
/s what is the approximate output
velocity [2]; and what assumptions did you
make [3]?
4. For the system shown, determine the
volumetric flow rate and velocity at the out-
let. Given the large diameter pipe is 1.25
that of the smaller.
3.2m/s
1.6m/s
v
out
m/s
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Class problem; solution #4:
Here were are given the volumetric flow
rate, hence by continuity we have:



There are three assumptions in place
here:
The flow regime is laminar
B1

The fluid is incompressible
B1

The fluid is in-viscid
B1


1 - 3
3 2 1
3 3 2 2 1 1
s m 5 2 3 = + = +
= +
Q Q Q
v A v A v A
M1A1
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Class problem; solution #2:
Apply the continuity equation taking D and
1.25D along as parameter, thus:




The required velocity can be found from the flow
rate thus:

( )
2
3
3
2
2
3
2 2
537 . 5
6 . 1 5 . 1 2 . 3
4
6 . 1 ) 5 . 1 (
4
2 . 3
4
D Q
Q
D
Q D D
=
= +
= +
t
t t
M1
M2
A1
1
3
3
2 2
3
2
3 3 3
ms 05 . 7 537 . 5
4
4
537 . 5
4

= =
=
= =
t
t
t
v
v D D
v D v A Q
M1
M1
A1
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Examination type questions
1. Explain, using cogent examples: three
laws of thermodynamics [6].
a) Use formulae to describe three mechanisms of
heat transfer [6].
b) Find the total heat lost an asbestos (thermal
conductivity 0.15W/mK) reinforced steel wall
(thermal conductivity 50W/mK), given that the
concrete is twice the thickness of the steel. [8]

150
o
C
25
o
C
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Examination type questions
2. State three states of matter. [3]
a) Explain the meaning of incompressible flow
[2].
b) Given that the large pipe is 1.4 times the
diameter of the small pipe evaluate the
velocity at the output [12],





c) Clearly state the assumptions of the
modelling process [3].
3.4m/s
2.1m/s
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Summary
Have we met our learning objectives:
specifically, are you now able to do:
State and use the basic thermodynamic
laws
Derive the conservation of mass
Describe the differences between flow
regimes
Calculate simple fluid flow mechanisms
Evaluate volumetric flow rates in fluid
simple systems