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REGION PERCENTAGE
NORTH 30.34
WEST 13.86
SOUTH 37.2
EAST 15.27
NORTH-EAST 37.72
INDIA 24.74
Annual gross generation (GWh)
YEAR GROSS GENERATION
85/86 51021
90/91 71641
91/92 72757
92/93 69869
93/94 70643
94/95 82712
95/96 72579
96/97 68901
97/98 74582
98/99 82690
99/2000 80533
00/01 74346
Annual Gross Generation (GWh)
Electricity Generated
85000
80000
(GWh)
75000
70000
65000
60000
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001
Year
Potential of Small Hydropower
Total estimated potential of 180000 MW.
Total potential developed in the late 1990s was about
47000 MW with China contributing as much as one-third
total potentials.
570 TWh per year from plants less than 2 MW capacity.
The technical potential of micro, mini and small hydro in
India is placed at 6800 MW.
Small Hydro in India
STATE TOTAL CAPACITY (MW)
KARNATAKA 652.51
MAHARASHTRA 599.47
Sites (up to 3 MW) identified by UNDP
Hydropower
Technology
Pumped
Impoundment Diversion
Storage
Impoundment facility
Dam Types
Arch
Gravity
Buttress
Embankment or Earth
Arch Dams
Face is held up by a
series of supports
Flat or curved face
Embankment Dams
Earth or rock
Weight resists flow
of water
Dams Construction
Diversion Facility
Definitionsmay vary.
Large plants : capacity >30 MW
Small Plants : capacity b/w 100 kW to 30 MW
Micro Plants : capacity up to 100 kW
Large Scale Hydropower plant
Small Scale Hydropower Plant
Micro Hydropower Plant
Micro Hydropower Systems
Many creeks and rivers are permanent, i.e., they never dry
up, and these are the most suitable for micro-hydro power
production
Micro hydro turbine could be a waterwheel
Newer turbines : Pelton wheel (most common)
Others : Turgo, Crossflow and various axial flow turbines
Generating Technologies
Types of Hydro Turbines:
– Impulse turbines
Pelton Wheel
Cross Flow Turbines
– Reaction turbines
Propeller Turbines : Bulb turbine, Straflo, Tube Turbine,
Kaplan Turbine
Francis Turbines
Kinetic Turbines
Impulse Turbines
Uses the velocity of the water to move the runner and
discharges to atmospheric pressure.
The water stream hits each bucket on the runner.
No suction downside, water flows out through turbine
housing after hitting.
High head, low flow applications.
Types : Pelton wheel, Cross Flow
Pelton Wheels
Nozzles direct forceful
streams of water against a
series of spoon-shaped
buckets mounted around
the edge of a wheel.
Each bucket reverses the
flow of water and this
impulse spins the turbine.
Pelton Wheels (continued…)
Suited for high head, low
flow sites.
The largest units can be
up to 200 MW.
Can operate with heads as
small as 15 meters and as
high as 1,800 meters.
Cross Flow Turbines
drum-shaped
elongated, rectangular-
section nozzle directed
against curved vanes on a
cylindrically shaped
runner
“squirrel cage” blower
water flows through the
blades twice
Cross Flow Turbines (continued…)
Baspa II Binwa
Continued …
RIVER Kg/m3
Yellow River 37.6
Colorado 16.6
Amur 2.3
Nile 1.6
Rivers carry a lot of sediments.
Creation of a dam results in the deposition of sediments on
the bottom of the reservoir.
Land erosion on the edges of the reservoir due to
deforestation also leads to deposition of sediments.
Effects
Capture of sediment decreases the fertility downstream
as a long term effect.
It also leads to deprivation of sand to beaches in coastal
areas.
If the water is diverted out of the basin, there might be
salt water intrusion into the inland from the ocean, as the
previous balance between this salt water and upstream
fresh water in altered.
It may lead to changes in the ecology of the estuary area
and lead to decrease in agricultural productivity.
Climatic and Seismic effects
It is believed that large reservoirs induce have the
potential to induce earthquakes.
in place
More plants built, greater demand for HP
Reduces dependency on other countries for conventional
fuels
Local HP Economics
Development, operating, and maintenance costs, and electricity
generation
First check if site is developed or not.
If a dam does not exist, several things to consider are: land/land
rights, structures and improvements, equipment, reservoirs, dams,
waterways, roads, railroads, and bridges.
Development costs include recreation, preserving historical and
archeological sites, maintaining water quality, protecting fish and
wildlife.
Construction Costs
Effect of discounting
– Hydro’s high capital cost at near full value
– Its additional revenue far in future less
valuable
– CCGT has higher NPV
Unit cost
Unit cost
– Cost per kWh produced
– Discount costs and production
HP has greater cost
£1000s £1000s
Machinery 30 - 90 15 - 60
Civil works 10 - 40 20 - 40
Electrical works 10 - 20 10 - 20
________________ ________________
The dam will disrupt heavy silt flows in the river. It could
cause rapid silt build-up in the reservoir, creating an
imbalance upstream, and depriving agricultural land and
fish downstream of essential nutrients. However,
sufficient studies have not been conducted.
Potential Hazard also exists. For example, In an annual
report [1] to the United States Congress, the Department
of Defense cited that Taiwanese "proponents of strikes
against the mainland apparently hope that merely
presenting credible threats to China's urban population or
high-value targets, such as the Three Gorges Dam, will
deter Chinese military coercion."
Independent reports suggest residents are convinced their
compensation is miserly even though China claims its
plans will improve the life of those affected.