Cell and Genetics Histology 2008-2009

Cells
Stem cells Cells of the 4 basic tissues Other specialized cells

Jeanne Adiwinata Pawitan Rulliana Agustin Dept. of Histology FMUI Jeanne A Pawitan
Rulliana Agustin

Stem cells
Jeanne A Pawitan Rulliana Agustin

Stem cells ability to differentiate

Totipotent > all + placenta

Pluripotent > all Multipotent > several Unipotent > 1 type

Jeanne A Pawitan Rulliana Agustin

Stem cells - source

Embryonic stem cells (inner cell mass) Adult stem cells: bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, Wharton jelly, adipose tissue, etc.
Multipotential > connective tissue, blood, etc Unipotential > progenitors (committed) 1 cell line differentiation mature fully differentiated cells

Jeanne A Pawitan Rulliana Agustin

Cells of the 4 basic tissues

Epithelium: cells, intercellular substance/extracellular matrix basement membrane *Connective tissue: intercellular substance Muscle: muscle cells* = muscle fibers Nerve*:
Neurons Neuroglial cells (support, protect neurons)
Jeanne A Pawitan Rulliana Agustin

Epithelium
Jeanne A Pawitan Rulliana Agustin

Epithelium (and glands)

Layers
Single
Simple (Pseudostratified)

Shape
Squamous Cuboidal Columnar (torax)

Multiple
Stratified (Transitional)
Jeanne A Pawitan Rulliana Agustin

Location

Jeanne A Pawitan Rulliana Agustin

Epithelial cells
Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal, columnar Stratified cuboidal, columnar Pseudostratified Transitional Stratified squamous keratin + Stratified squamous keratin -

Endothelium, mesothelium Glands

Respiratory S. Urinary S. Epidermis-skin Mucous membrane: oral, esophagus, vagina

Jeanne A Pawitan Rulliana Agustin

Polarity and cell surface specializations

Morphological domain Biochemical domain Polarity Functional domain Apical domain free surface lumen Basolateral domain
Basal - basal lamina Lateral other cells
Jeanne A Pawitan Rulliana Agustin

Apical domain - lumen

Microvilli > plasma membrane + cytoplasm Cilia
Kinocilia Stereocilia

Ion channels Aquaporins Carrier proteins H+- ATPase Glycoproteins Jeanne A Pawitan Hydrolytic enzymes Rulliana Agustin

Basolateral domain
Intercellular interdigitation, basal enfoldings Junctional specialization Receptors
Hormones Neurotransmitters

Na+-K+ ATPase Ion channels Sites for constitutive secretions

Jeanne A Pawitan Rulliana Agustin

Junctional specialization
Lateral membrane specialization junctional complexes
Occluding junction/tight junction ('taut sekap') > zonula occludens Adhering junction ('taut lekat')
Zonula adherens -zonulae adherentes Fascia adherens Macula adherens (desmosome) - hemidesmosome

Gap junction

Jeanne A Pawitan Rulliana Agustin

Connective tissue
Jeanne A Pawitan Rulliana Agustin

Connective tissues
Mesenchyme (embryo) mucosa /gelatinosa Connective tissue proper
Loose (areolar) connective tissue Reticular connective tissue Adipose tissue Dense connective tissue
Dense regular connective tissue
Dense regular collagenous connective tissue Dense regular elastic connective tissue

areolar CT

Dense irregular connective tissue

Specialized connective tissue (cartilage, bone, blood)

Jeanne A Pawitan Rulliana Agustin

Intercellular substance/ extracellular matrix

Ground/amorphous substance (gel like) tissue fluid
Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) (hyaluronic acid, heparin, sulfated GAG) Proteoglycans ( certain GAG Protein) Adhesive glycoproteins (fibronectin, laminin, entactin, tenascin, chondronectin, osteonectin)

Fibers
Collagen type I VII
Reticular (type III collagen)

Elastic fibers
Jeanne A Pawitan Rulliana Agustin

 Cells of mesenchyme
Mesenchymal cells

Cells of loose connective tissue Cells of reticular CT

Reticular cells Lymphocytes Plasma cells

Cells of connective tissue

Cells of cartilage Cells of bone Cells of blood

Jeanne A Pawitan Rulliana Agustin

Loose connectine tissue

Fixed cells
Fibroblasts/fibrocytes Histiocytes/macrophages Mast cells Pericytes Adipose cells

Transient cells:
plasma cells leucocytes macrophages
Jeanne A Pawitan Rulliana Agustin

Cells of cartilage
Chondrogenic cells Chondroblast Chondrocyte
Shrunken lacuna

Jeanne A Pawitan Rulliana Agustin

 Osteogenic cells Osteoblast Osteocyte Osteoclast

Cells of bone

Jeanne A Pawitan Rulliana Agustin

Cells of the blood Basement membrane Muscles Nervous tissue (neuron) Specialized cells

Jeanne A Pawitan Rulliana Agustin

Cells of blood
Erythrocyte Leucocyte
Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil Monocyte lymphocyte

Jeanne A Pawitan Rulliana Agustin

Basement membrane

Basal lamina
Lamina lucida Lamina densa Type IV collagen, glycoprotein, proteoglycan

Jeanne A Pawitan Rulliana Agustin

Lamina reticularis: type I, III collagen Structural and filtering functions, cell polarity, regulate cell prolif. and diff., etc

Muscles
Jeanne A Pawitan Rulliana Agustin

Muscles
Smooth muscle Striated muscle characteristic striation striated myofibrils
skeletal muscle cardiac muscle

Myoepithelial cells glandular unit in glands Myofibroblast wound contraction, tooth eruption
Jeanne A Pawitan Rulliana Agustin

Myofibril - striated
Myofilament (contractile protein: myosin, actin) - specific arrangement
parallel arrays interdigitating regularly repeated in myofibril

Jeanne A Pawitan Rulliana Agustin

Unique terms in muscle

Sarcolemma = cell membrane Sarcoplasm = cytoplasm Sarcoplasmic reticulum = smooth surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (SER) Sarcosome = mitochondria muscle fiber = muscle cell

Jeanne A Pawitan Rulliana Agustin

Smooth muscle
Location: wall of hollow organ - lumen
Digestive system Reproductive system Urinary system Respiratory system Ducts - large (glands) Dermis (skin)

Function:
contraction protein synthesis extra cell: collagen, elastin, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, growth factors
Jeanne A Pawitan Rulliana Agustin

Smooth muscle
contraction - involuntary controlled by
Autonomic nervous system (sympathetics, parasympathetics) Hormone: bradykinin Local physiological condition

Every fiber lined by external lamina (outside sarcolemma)

reticular fiber - embedded in external lamina surrounding each muscle cell function: control and unify the strength of muscle fiber contraction
Jeanne A Pawitan Rulliana Agustin

Smooth muscle fiber

Shape : fusiform, elongated 5-6 m,length-0.2 mm Surrounded by sarcolemma (cell membrane) Nucleus - center oval 1-2 nucleolei HE: cytoplasm homogenous acidophilic Individual cell

Jeanne A Pawitan Rulliana Agustin

 Neuromuscular junction usually en passant type

Bulging of axon Containing synaptic vesicles
Nor epinephrine sympathetic Acetylcholine parasympathetic

Innervation smooth muscle fiber

Type
Multi unit individual innervation (iris, vas deferens) Intermediate Visceral some fibers 1 neuromuscular junction gap junction/nexus (uterus, GI tract) other influencing factor
Humoral factor : oxytocin Micro environmental factor : stretching (intestines)

Jeanne A Pawitan Rulliana Agustin

Cardiac muscle
Development: Myoepicardial mantle in splanchnic mesenchyme epicardium + myocardium Cardiac muscle
Cardiac muscle fiberbranching-anastomosing network arranged in layers (laminae) Between fibers connective tissue Connective tissue between laminae contains:
Blood vessels capillaries network in connective tissue between each fiber Nerves conducting system in heart

Jeanne A Pawitan Rulliana Agustin

Cardiac muscle fiber

Striated, branching Length 15-80 m Nucleus 1 (occasionally 2) center big oval Perinuclear space Between cells (at the end) intercalated disk -consist of: Transverse portion: facia adherens ( Z disk), desmosome Lateral portion: gap junction

Jeanne A Pawitan Rulliana Agustin

Sarcoplasm contains
Myofibrils -1-2 mlongitudinal regularly arranged striated (longitudinal section):
A band (anisotropic on polarized light dark) I band (isotropic on polarized light)

Electrone microscope: Sarcoplasmic reticulum = SER

Network around myofibril Function: intracellular Ca storage (< skeletal muscle) Small terminals (terminal cisternae -) The rest = longitudinal sarcotubule + branches Contraction needs active transport of Ca from extra cell
membrane contains junctional feet (= voltage gated Ca release channels)
Jeanne A Pawitan Rulliana Agustin

Sarcoplasm contains
Organels
Mitochondria >>> - volume cardiac muscle Myoglobin O2 transport Glycogen particle energy source for contraction ( with lipid)

Jeanne A Pawitan Rulliana Agustin

Cardiac muscle fiber T tubule

EM: Sarcolemma tubular invagination transverse branching - anastomosing T tubule (transverse tubule) Intertwine among myofibril Location: around Z line 1/sarcomere
Open to extra cellular compartment -lined by external lamina 2.5 X T tubule in skeletal muscle

Function: facilitate conduction depol. wave -along sarcolemma

Jeanne A Pawitan Rulliana Agustin

Myofibrils
A band (dark) H band (light) M line I band (light) Z line (Z disk, dark) Sarcomere = myofibril region between 2 Z line = 1 contractile unit Contraction:
I band - shortened H band - disappeared A band - constant Z line - approaching each other
Jeanne A Pawitan Rulliana Agustin

Cardiac muscle fiber-atrium

< fiber in ventricle myoendocrine cells Contains granules - cardiodilatin (CDD)/Atrial Natriuretic (Poly)peptide (ANP) esp. in right atrium
ANP regulation of fluid electrolyte balance
Efferent arteriole constriction diuresis,sodiumexcretion Sodium,waterresorptioninkidneys(renaltubules) blood pressure Vasodilatation inhibit the release of arginine-vasopressin (posterior hypophysis), and aldosterone (adrenal cortex)

Jeanne A Pawitan Rulliana Agustin