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The infection appears pharyngeal lymphoid tissue The organism involved are similar predominantly tonsiler infection Causative organism in viral pharyngitis Rhinoviruses Coronaviruses Influenza A and B Viruses Adenoviruses
Pharyngitis
Influenza Diagnosed
Most Children and adult often accur in epidemics Spread of viruses droplet infection
Clinical features Sore throat Initial symptoms Malaise, fever and headache Cervical lymphadenopathy Hoarseness Secretion (Nasal cavities) hyperaemic congested turbinates nasopharynx hyperaemic Mucosa covered mucopus SELF LIMITING (3 OR 4 DAYS) TREATMENT : Symptomatic (Bed Rest, analgesics, antiviral agents) Antibiotics bacterial complication
COMPLICATIONS
Local
Sinusitis, otitis media, laryngitis, tracheobronchitis and pneumonia Respiratory obstruction (children)
General
Meningitis Encephalitis Myocarditis
Adenoid hypertrophy
The erlargement Inflamatory Symptoms : Not from the actual size of the lymphoid mass adenoid disproportion size
Cavity of the nasopharynx
Older Children
Nasal obstruction mouth bresthing (abnormal) Adenoid facies It is generally enlarged - adenoid - dental - maxillary Other symptom deafness
Abnormal lities
Clinical Features Posterior rhinoscopy lobulated mass = Colour As the mucous membrane (nasopharynx)
DIAGNOSIS Palpate the postnasal space removed Anterior rhinoscopy should be carried out (Nasal obstruction) TREATMENT : Surgical (adenoidectomy)
Complications of Adenoidectomy
Sepsis Persisting deafness Middle ear infection
Acute Epiglottitis
More commonly in children Is a distinct form of acute inflammation of the larynx Aetiology : Haemophilus influenzae type B
Clinical Features
The history upper respiratory tract infection Sepsis (400 c) Potentially fatal stridor The epiglottis rounded swollen red mass (Inflammation and oedema of the supraglottic structures)
TREATMENT
Should be considered a surgical emergency Airway obstruction (intubation / tracheostomy) Sometimes referred : * acute laryngotracheitis * acute obstructive subglottic laryngitis Call group (virus infection)
Aetiology
Microorganisms commonly involve in respiratory infections Predominant haemolytic streptococcus Usually infection by the influenza virus
Pathology
Affects the entire respiratory tract Total obstruction atelectasis
Clinical Features
Patient temperature sometimes rises to about 38,50 c Dry and harsh cough Hoarseness Stridor inspiratoar
Initial phase :
The child sometimes cyanotic
c.
Tracheostomy
Indications
1. Ventilatory insufficiency 2. Mechanical respiratory insufficiency 3. Upper airway obstruction
Intermediate
Displacement of the tube Infection Tracheal necrosis Tracheo oesophageal fistula Pneumothorax / pneumomediastinum
Late