Professional Documents
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Presented By: Er. H.S. Dhaliwal Assistant Professor, Deptt. Of Electrical Engg BHSBIET, Lehragaga.
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Introduction
Since the loads having the trends towards growing density. This requires the better appearance, rugged construction, greater service reliability and increased safety. An underground cable essentially consists of one or more conductors covered with suitable insulation and surrounded by a protecting cover. The interference from external disturbances like storms, lightening, ice, trees etc. should be reduced to achieve trouble free service. The cables may be buried directly in the ground, or may be installed in ducts buried in the ground.
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Introduction
CABLE STRUCTURE
Construction of Cables
Core or Conductor A cable may have one or more than one core depending upon the type of service for which it is intended. The conductor could be of aluminum or copper and is stranded in order to provide flexibility to the cable. Insulation The core is provided with suitable thickness of insulation, depending upon the voltage to be withstood by the cable. The commonly used material for insulation are impregnated paper, varnished cambric or rubber mineral compound.
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Construction of Cables
Metallic Sheath A metallic sheath of lead or aluminum is provided over the insulation to protect the cable from moisture, gases or others damaging liquids Bedding Bedding is provided to protect the metallic sheath from corrosion and from mechanical damage due to armoring. It is a fibrous material like jute or hessian tape.
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Construction of Cables
Armouring Its purpose is to protect the cable from mechanical injury while laying it or during the course of handling. It consists of one or two layers of galvanized steel wire or steel tape. Serving To protect armouring from atmospheric conditions, a layer of fibrous material is provided.
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Construction of Cables
Non inflammable.
Chemical stability. High mechanical strength. High viscosity at impregnation temperature. Capability to with stand high rupturing voltage. High tensile strength and plasticity.
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XLPE cable
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CLSSIFICATION OF CABLES
Low tension (L.T) ----- up to 1000V High tension (H.T) ----- up to 11, 000V Super tension (S.T) ---- from 22KV to 33KV Extra high tension (E.H.T) cables --- from 33KV to 66KV Extra super voltage cables ------beyond 132KV
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3- Core Cables
Belted Cables
In these cables the conductors are wrapped with oil impregnated paper, and then cores are assembled with filler material. The assembly is enclosed by paper insulating belt. These can be used for voltages up to 11KV or in some cases can be used up to 22KV. High voltages beyond 22KV, the tangential stresses becomes an important consideration. As the insulation resistance of paper is quite small along the layer, therefore tangential stress set up, hence, leakage current along the layer of the paper insulation. This leakage current causes local heating, resulting breaking of insulation at any moment
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3- Core Cables
Screened Cables These can be used up to 33kv but in certain cases can be extended up to 66kv. These are mainly of two types H-type and S.L type cables
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3- Core Cables
H-TYPE Cables:
Designed by H. Hochstadter. Each core is insulated by layer of impregnated paper. The insulation on each core is covered with a metallic screen which is usually of perforated aluminum foil. The cores are laid in such a way that metallic screen make contact with one another. Basic advantage of H-TYPE is that the perforation in the metallic screen assists in the complete impregnation of the cable with the compound and thus the possibility of air pockets or voids in the dielectric is eliminated. The metallic screen increase the heat dissipation power of the cable.
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3- Core Cables
S.L - Type: (Separate Lead)
Each core insulation is covered by its own lead sheath. It has two main advantages, firstly the separate sheath minimize the possibility of core-to-core breakdown. Secondly the, bending of cables become easy due to the elimination of over all sheath. The disadvantage is that the lead sheaths of S.L is much thinner as compared to H-Type cables, therefore for greater care is required in manufacturing.
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3- Core Cables
Pressurized Type Cables In these cables, pressure is maintained above atmosphere either by oil or by gas. Gas pressure cables are used up to 275KV. Oil filled cables are used up to 500KV.
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3- Core Cables
Oil Filled Cables
Low viscosity oil is kept under pressure and fills the voids in oil impregnated paper under all conditions of varying load. There are three main types of oil filled cables a. Self-contained circular type b. Self-contained flat type c. Pipe Type cables
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Advantages of GIC
Gas Insulated Cables have several advantages over oil filled cables, Efficient heat transfer hence can carry more current. Low dielectric loss and low capacitance SF6 gas is non-toxic, chemically stable and non-inflamable. Terminations of GIC cables are simpler and cheaper.
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Direct Laying
This method is cheap and simple and is most likely to be used in practice. A trench of about 1.5 meters deep and 45 cm wide is dug. A cable is been laid inside the trench and is covered with concrete material or bricks in order to protect it from mechanical injury. This gives the best heat dissipating conditions beneath the earth. It is clean and safe method
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Direct Laying
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Draw in System
In this conduit or duct of concrete is laid in ground with main holes at suitable positions along the cable route. The cables are then pulled into positions from main holes.
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Solid System
In this system the cable is laid in open pipes or troughs dug out in earth along the cable route. The troughing is of cast iron or treated wood Troughing is filled with a bituminous after cables is laid. It provides good mechanical strength It has poor heat dissipation conditions It requires skilled labour and favorable weather conditions It is very much expensive system
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Solid System
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Grading of Cables
Since the stresses are maximum at surface of the conductor or inner most part of the dielectric. The stress goes on decreasing as outer most layer is reached. Since the process of achieving the uniform electrostatic stresses on the dielectric of cables is known as Grading of cables
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Grading of Cables
The unequal distribution of stresses is undesirable because, if dielectric is chosen according to maximum stress the thickness of cable increases or either this may lead to breakdown of insulation. The following are the two main methods of grading
Cables are generally laid in the ground or in ducts in the underground distribution system. For this reason, there are little chances of faults in underground cables. However, if a fault does occur it is difficult to locate and repair the fault because conductors are not visible. Nevertheless, the following are the faults most likely to occur in underground cables 1) open circuit fault 2) short circuit fault 3)earth fault
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When there is a break in the conductor of a cable, it is called open circuit fault. The open circuit fault can be checked by megger. For this purpose, the three conductors of the 3core cable at the far end are shorted and earthed. The resistance between each conductor and earth is measured by a megger and it will indicate zero resistance in the circuit of the conductor that is not broken. However, if the conductor is broken, the megger will indicate infinite resistance in its circuit
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When two conductors of a multi-core cable come in electrical contact with each other due to insulation failure, it is called a short circuit fault. Again, we can seek the help of a megger to check this fault. For this purpose the two terminals of the megger are connected to any two conductors. If the megger gives zero reading, it indicates short circuit fault between these conductors. The same steps is repeated for other conductors taking two a time.
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EARTH FAULTS
When the conductor of a cable comes in contact with earth, it is called earth fault or ground fault. To identify this fault, one terminal of the megger is connected to the conductor and the other terminal connected to earth. If the megger indicates zero reading, it means the conductor is earthed. The same procedure is repeated for other conductors of the cable.
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THANKS
Presented By: Er. H.S. Dhaliwal dhaliwal361@gmail.com 098150-74800
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