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Sistem hematopoietik
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Sel stem (progenitor awal), menyokong hematopoiesis Colony forming unit (CFU), pelopor yang selanjutnya berkembang dan berdeferensiasi dalam memproduksi sel Faktor regulator yang mengatur agar sistem berlangsung teratur
Stem sel
Sel induk yang mempunyai kemampuan berdeferensiasi menjadi beberapa turunan, membelah diri dan memperbaharui populasi sel stem sendiri dibawah pengaruh faktor pertumbuhan hematopoietik
Hematopoiesis
Pembentukan dan perkembangan dari selsel darah Dimulai pada awal kehidupan embrio dan berlangsung sampai dewasa Secara garis besar perkembangan ini dibagi dalam 3 periode :
Hematopoiesis hati
Berasal dari sel stem pluripoten yang berpindah dari yolk sac Perubahan tempat hematopoiesis ini mempunyai hubungan dengan regulasi perkembangan oleh lingkungan mikro, produksi sitokin dan ekspresi pada reseptor Masa gestasi 9 minggu, hematopoiesis sudah terbentuk dalam hati
Hematopoiesis hati
Yang terutama adalah eritropoiesis Mencapai puncak pada masa gestasi 4-5 bulan kemudian mengalami regresi perlahan Pada pertengahan kehamilan, tampak pelopor hematopoietik terdapat di limpa, thimus, kelenjar limfe dan ginjal
Hematopoiesis medular
Periode terakhir pembentukan sistem hematopoiesis Dimulai sejak masa gestasi 4 bulan Ruang meduler terbentuk dalam tulang rawan dan tulang panjang dengan proses reabsorbsi
Hematopoiesis medular
Masa gestasi 32 minggu lahir semua rongga sum-sum tulang terisi dengan jaringan hematopoietik yang aktif dan sum-sum tulang berisi sel-sel darah Pada perkembangan selanjutnya fungsi pembuatan sel darah diambil oleh sum-sum tulang Sel mesenkim yang mempunyai kemampuan membentuk sel darah menjadi kurang, tapi tetap ada dalam sumsum tulang, hati limpa,kelenjar getah bening dan dinding usus dikenal sebagai RES
Hematopoiesis medular
Pada bayi dan anak hematopoiesis yang aktif terjadi pada sumsum tulang, termasuk bagian distal tulang panjang Orang dewasa normal, hematopoiesis terbatas pada vertebra (tulang belakang),costa, sternum, pelvis, skapula, skull ( dan jarang berlokasi pada humerus dan femur)
Hematopoiesis in a fetus
Hemopoiesis in the embryo takes place in the yolk sac, liver and spleen, and bone marrow
Hematopoiesis in a fetus
Sel darah pertama yang dibentuk adalah eritrosit Pada 2-8 minggu pertama sel eritrosit primitif ditemukan di yolk sac
Hematopoiesis in a fetus
Selama 2 bulan pertama hematopiesis extrameduler berkembang, dan yolk sac berpindah ke liver Granulocytes also appear in the liver during the 2nd month The spleen also contributes to hematopoiesis at this point.
Hematopoiesis in a fetus
During the 4th month medullary hematopoiesis develops when the bone marrow begins to contribute to hematopoiesis. During the 5th month bone marrow takes over as chief production site and continues throughout life.
At birth the liver and spleen have ceased production of blood cells and hematopoiesis is occurring in the red bone marrow of almost every bone (axial and appendicular skeletons).
When extramedullary hematopoiesis occurs, the liver and spleen will become enlarged.
Control
Many Growth Factors (also known as cytokines and interleukins and hormones) precisely regulate all stages of the process. For example. 1.CSF - colony stimulating factors function at various stages of development of blood cells. There are several CSFs, each stimulating the development of different types of cells
2. Interleukins - protein molecules that work with the CSFs to stimulate particular cell lines to proliferate and differentiate. 3. Erythropoietin (EPO) the hormone produced by kidney to stimulate RBC production (regulates erythropoiesis) 4. filgrastim: is produced by stromal cells and regulates granulopoiesis 5. thrombopoietin: is produced by the liver, and regulates platelet production
2. Peripheral blood
a. Circulating pool
functioning cells in circulation, in transit to tissues. The blood we draw for evaluation comes from this pool. The circulating pool is found more towards the center of the tubular blood vessel.
b. Marginating pool Primarily a term used for white blood cells. The cells are adhered to walls of blood vessels and are ready to move through into the tissues (diapedesis). There is constant movement between the circulating and marginating pools. At a given time the ratio of cells in the circulating pool to the cells in the marginating pool is 50:50. Neutrophils move freely between the two pools.
Hemopoiesis
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from pluripotent stem cells to mature, differentiated, cellular effectors of immunity and more
Hematopoiesis
Th- Helper Cell B Cell Macrophage Neutrophil (alternative path) Mast Cell Platelets
Sel dendritik
Sel dengan bentuk tidak teratur Ditemukan pada jaringan , pada kulit disebut sel Langerhans epidermal Berperan sebagai presentasi antigen ke sel T dan aktivasi limfosit
This is the undifferentiated precursor to all of the blood cells, red and white, and other immune effector cells, and platelets.
daughters of the Pluripotent Stem Cells, these are the progenitors of a host of specialized white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs) and the blood platelets which are crucial to blood clotting.
Monocytes
act as antigen presenting cells (APCs), as Antibody-Dependent Cytotoxic Cells (ADCC) , and promote inflammation.
cell is phagocytic it inhabits the tissues looking for foreign intruders to devour.
Macrophage pathway
Monosit/macrofag
Merupakan sel darah terbesar Mengandung granul dan nucleus bentuk lobular Mempunyai aktivitas baktericidal Monosit bermigrasi dari sirkulasi kejaringan seperti sel Kupfer di hepar Berperan penting pada imunitas spesifik dan non spesifik
This is the undifferentiated precursor to all of the blood cells, red and white, and other immune effector cells, and platelets.
daughters of the Pluripotent Stem Cells, these are the progenitors of a host of specialized white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs) and the blood platelets which are crucial to blood clotting.
Monocytes
act as antigen presenting cells (APCs), as Antibody-Dependent Cytotoxic Cells (ADCC) , and promote inflammation.
Macrophagefunctions as antigen
leukosit
Sel darah putih Konsentrasi : 4800 10.800/mm kubik darah Berfungsi sebagai alat pertahanan tubuh terhadap bakteri, virus, parasit, racun dan sel tumor Tdd :
Granulopoiesis
Granulopoiesis
Granulocytes and a fourth cell type - the monocyte are made in the bone marrow from a common precursor cell, the mixed myeloid progenitor cell or CFUGEMM.
This process takes between 6-10 days in the marrow. Once released from the marrow, into the marrow sinusoids, and from there into the peripheral blood, these cells circulate for only 6-10 hours. They then take up residence in tissue where they live for 4-5 days before they die.
Neutrofil
Jumlahnya paling banyak dari jenis leukosit (50-70%) Fungsi : fagositik, terutama terhadap bakteri
Neutrophil Pathway
This is the undifferentiated precursor to all of the blood cells, red and white, and other immune effector cells, and platelets.
daughters of the Pluripotent Stem Cells, these are the progenitors of a host of specialized white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs) and the blood platelets which are crucial to blood clotting.
Monocytes
act as antigen presenting cells (APCs), as Antibody-Dependent Cytotoxic Cells (ADCC) , and promote inflammation.
Neutrophilsfunction in antimicrobial
This is the undifferentiated precursor to all of the blood cells, red and white, and other immune effector cells, and platelets.
daughters of the Pluripotent Stem Cells, these are the progenitors of a host of specialized white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs) and the blood platelets which are crucial to blood clotting.
Neutrophilsfunction in antimicrobial
Eosinophil Pathway
Eosinofil
Merupakan 2-5% dari leukosit Fungsi sebagai fagosit yang lemah Berperan juga pada imunitas parasit dan reaksi alergi
This is the undifferentiated precursor to all of the blood cells, red and white, and other immune effector cells, and platelets.
daughters of the Pluripotent Stem Cells, these are the progenitors of a host of specialized white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs) and the blood platelets which are crucial to blood clotting.
This is the undifferentiated precursor to all of the blood cells, red and white, and other immune effector cells, and platelets.
daughters of the Pluripotent Stem Cells, these are the progenitors of a host of specialized white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs) and the blood platelets which are crucial to blood clotting.
cells function in inflammation and allergic response. When mature, they become granulated and are found in tissues, not in peripheral blood.
Basophil pathway
basofil
Jumlah yang ditemukan dalam darah sangat sedikit, sekitar <0,5% dari seluruh leukosit Mempunyai fungsi fagosit mirip sel mast Melepaskan bahan-bahan yang mempunyai aktivitas biologik, antara lain meningkatkan permeabilitas vaskular dan respons inflamasi
This is the undifferentiated precursor to all of the blood cells, red and white, and other immune effector cells, and platelets.
daughters of the Pluripotent Stem Cells, these are the progenitors of a host of specialized white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs) and the blood platelets which are crucial to blood clotting.
characterized by cytoplasmic granules which, when released, function in destruction of parasites and also in allergic reactions. The cell releases histamine and platelet activator and other chemical signals.
Platelet pathway
Megakaryopoiesis
Platelets are produced from very large cells called megakaryocytes which develop in the bone marrow from megakaryoblasts which, like other cells in the marrow, are derived from a haemopoietic stem cell. The nucleus in a megakaryocyte reduplicates, but the cell does not divide so eventually a very large cell with multiple nuclear lobes is formed. This is referred to as "endomitosis".
Each megakaryocyte makes approximately 4000 platelets and this process takes about 10 days. The megakaryocyte straddles the marrow sinusoids and little bits of cytoplasm - the platelet - are extruded through the sinus wall and into the blood stream.
This is the undifferentiated precursor to all of the blood cells, red and white, and other immune effector cells, and platelets.
daughters of the Pluripotent Stem Cells, these are the progenitors of a host of specialized white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs) and the blood platelets which are crucial to blood clotting.
Megakaryocytefragments into
subcellular pieces called platelets
Erythrocyte Pathway
Erythropoiesis
Erythropoiesis, or the production of red cells, is regulated by a hormone called erythropoietin. Approximately 1012 new red cells are made each day through successive doubling of a progenitor cell called a proerythroblast until 16 cells are formed. The cells become progressively smaller and contain increasing amounts of haemoglobin It circulates for 1-2 days and finally becomes a mature red cell
eritrosit
Sel darah merah Discus/lempeng biconkcaf Diameter 7,5 um Faktor penentu utama kekentalan darah Konsentrasi normal :
Wanita : 4,3-5,2 juta/mm kubik darah Pria : 5,1-5,8 juta/mm kubik darah
hemoglobin
Bagian eritrosit yang berkaitan dengan gas respirasi Tdd : protein globin dengan empat rantai polipeptida dan empat pigmen merah heme yang mengandung besi tempat oksigen diangkut Mengandung 250 juta molekul oksigen Kadar normal :
This is the undifferentiated precursor to all of the blood cells, red and white, and other immune effector cells, and platelets.
daughters of the Pluripotent Stem Cells, these are the progenitors of a host of specialized white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs) and the blood platelets which are crucial to blood clotting.
myeloid stem cell, this is destined to produce the most common blood cell, the erythrocyte.
(RBCs)are enucleated cells that travel throughout the Circulatory System and carry Oxygen to all parts of the body via the abundant hemoglobin found within them.