Motivation

Prepared & Presented By:Rachna Bansal

Motivation
Motivation- Meaning Theories of Motivation.
Hierarchy of Needs Theory. Two Factor Theory

Comparison between Two factor theory and Hierarchy of needs theory

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Motivation: Meaning
Motivation is the reason or reasons for engaging in a particular behaviour. These reasons may include basic needs such as food or a desired object, hobbies, goal, etc. Motivation refers to the initiation, direction, intensity and persistence of human behaviour. The psychological force that arouses an organism to act toward a desired goal; the reason for the action; that which gives purpose and direction to behaviour.
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Motivation!!!
Differ among Individuals Differ within individuals at different times Motives can not be seen. Motivation Theories:
Content Theory Process Theory

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Motivation: Concept and Theories

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Motivation: Concept and Theories

Hierarchy of Needs Theory

Propounded by Abraham Maslow. Human beings have wants and desires which influence their behavior; only unsatisfied needs can influence behavior. Behaviour of an individual at a particular moment is usually determined by his or her strongest need. Needs are arranged in order of importance, from the basic to the complex. The person advances to the next level of needs only after the lower level need is at least minimally satisfied.
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Physiological Needs

Food Air

Water
Clothing Shelter

Physiological Needs

Safety and Security Needs

Physical safety Psychological security

Safety Needs

Work HardPlay Hard

Affection
Acceptance Inclusion

Social Needs

Esteem Needs

Self-Respect Self-Esteem Respected by Others Recognition

Esteem Needs

Status

Self-Actualization Needs

Achieve full potential Fulfillment

Hierarchy of Needs
Self-Actualization

Esteem

Belonging
Safety

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Physiological

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What Motivates Neha?

Neha, an asst. sales manager with a leading FMCG company and a single parent, earns a good salary and benefits that enable her to provide for her familys physical well being- ample food, comfortable housing, and good medical care. After her company announces that it is downsizing and will reduce its workforce by 10 %, she fears being laid off. (it triggers her which level of needs?)
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Hierarchy of Needs Theory

Now she is unlikely to be overly concerned about higher level needs to belong to a group or her own self esteem needs. She is likely to be motivated to do whatever she believes will enable her to keep her job and/or to begin looking discretely for other employment. Once the layoffs are announced and when Neha realizes that she is not on the list, she breathes a sign of relief and resumes work with a higher order need energizing her behaviour.
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Two Factor Theory

Propounded by Fredrick Herzberg Known as motivation- hygiene model Model proposes that there are two sets of needs or factors- motivators and hygienewhich are the primary causes of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction.

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Two Factor Theory

Traditional View
Satisfaction Dissatisfaction

Motivators
Satisfaction No Satisfaction

Hygiene Factors
No Dissatisfaction
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Dissatisfaction
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Motivation: Concept and Theories

Two Factor Theory

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Assignment for you?

Motivating Nurses at a Hospital You have been hired by the director of a large suburban hospital company to help resolve problems of poor moral that have been plaguing the nursing staff. Unfortunately, the nurses dont find their jobs particularly interesting. As a result, turnover and absenteeism have been high, and patient care is at an all time low. The problem is apparent to everyone. Both doctors and patients have been complaining. Answer the following questions relevant to this situation based on the lecture.
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Question 1
After interviewing the nurses, you found that they believed that no one cared how well they were doing. What theories could help explain this problem? Applying the theory, what would you recommend the hospital should do to resolve the problem?

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Question 2
Hospital officials tell you that nurses are well paid, adding to your surprise about the low morale. However, your interviews reveal that the nurses themselves feel otherwise. Why might this occur and why is this a problem? What could be done to help?

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Question 3
I am bored with my job, one highly experienced nurse tells you, and you believe she speaks for many within the hospital. What could be done to make their jobs more interesting to those who perform them? What are the limitations of your plan? Would it work equally well for other members of the hospital staff.
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Motivation of the Extrinsic Kind Extrinsic is when the external forces, positive or negative, produce a behavioral change. Extrinsic motivation would include circumstances, situations, rewards or punishment, both tangible and intangible that participation in results in an external benefit. Tangible benefits could include monetary reward or a prize. Intangible could include things like adoration, recognition, and praise.

Motivation of the Intrinsic Kind

Intrinsic is when the force comes from within oneself. Intrinsic motivation would include involvement in behavioral pattern, thought process, action, activity or reaction for its own sake and without an obvious external incentive for doing so. A hobby is an example. If you are desirous of mastering public speaking for the sake of mastery and not any reward, you have experienced intrinsic motivation.

Theory X and Theory Y

Douglas McGregor proposed two distinctive views of human being: one basically negative (Theory X), and the other basically positive (Theory Y). Theory X assumes that employees dislike work, are lazy, dislike responsibility, and must be coerced to perform. Theory Y assumes that employees like work, are creative, seek responsibility, and can exercise self direction.

Theory Z
Believes that people are innately self motivated to not only do their work, but also are loyal towards the company, and want to make the company succeed. Theory Z managers have a great deal of trust in their employees that their employees can make sound decisions.

Theory Z
Duration of employment-long term Rate of promotion- slow Amount of specialization- moderate Decision making- consensual Responsibility assigned to individuals Control- informal but with explicit performance measures Concern for workers- include workers life and family

ERG
Existence Relatedness Growth

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McClellands theory of needs:

Need for Achievement: the drive to excel, to achieve in relation to set of standards, or strive to succeed. Need for Power: The need to make others behave in a way that they would not have behaved otherwise. Need for Affiliation: The desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationship.

Goal Setting Theory:

This theory states that specific and difficult goals, with feedback, lead to higher performance. Factors which influence the goal performance relationship:
Feedback Goal commitment Self efficacy Task characteristics National culture.

Expectancy Theory:
The strength of a tendency to behave in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual.

M = Valence X Expectancy X Instrumentality

Individual Effort
E

Individual Performance
I

Organization

Rewards
V

Personal Goals

Expectancy= Effort Performance Relationship Instrumentality= Performance Reward Relationship Valence= Reward personal goals Relationship