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CHAPTER 5

THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS


Sub-chapter covered

5.3 Steady Flow Engineering Devices
5.4 Energy Balances for Unsteady Flow Systems

5.3 Some Steady Flow Engineering Devices
1) Nozzles and Diffusers

Nozzle device that increase the
velocity of a fluid at the expense
of pressure

Diffuser device that increase the
pressure of a fluid by slowing the
velocity

Nozzle and diffuser typically involve
no work (W=0) any change of
potential energy is negligible (Ape = 0)

The kinetic energy changes must be
accounted in analyzing these devices
compressor
turbines
W
in

W
out

2) Compressor and Turbines

Compressor device that used to
increase the pressure of the fluid

Turbines device that used to decrease
the pressure of the fluid

Compressor used work
Turbine - produced work

Change of potential energy and kinetic
energy typically will be negligible during
these process


3) Throttling Valve

Throttling valve device that caused a
significant of pressure drop in the fluid

Produces pressure drop without involving
any work

Commonly used in refrigeration and
air conditioning applications

Flow is always consider adiabatically (q=0)

h
2
h
1
(kJ/kg)

or u
1
+P
1
v
1
= u
2
+P
2
v
2


4) Mixing Chamber

Mixing chamber section where the
mixing process takes places from two
stream sources.

- Conservation of mass principle
requires that sum of the incoming mass
flow rates equal to the mass flow rate of
the outgoing mixture

- Usually well insulated (q=0) and do
not involved any work (w=0) also
potential and kinetic energy are usually
negligible



Mixing
chamber
5) Heat Exchangers

Heat exchangers devices where two
moving fluid stream exchange heat
without mixing

Heat is transferred from the hot fluid to
the cold fluid through the wall which
separated the fluid

Heat exchangers is in steady operation
which the mass flow rate of each fluid
stream flowing through a heat exchanger
remain constant

Involve no work (w=0) potential and
kinetic energy are negligible

Fluid B
Fluid A
Heat


Process which involved changes within the control volume with
time

Some familiar unsteady flow process
charging of rigid vessels from supply lines
- discharging a fluid from a pressurized vessel
- driving a gas turbine with pressurized air

The mass within the system boundaries does not remain constant
during process

Usually stationary : fixed in space, may involve moving boundaries
and thus boundary work
5.4 Energy Balances for Unsteady Flow
Process/System
a) Conservation of mass balances in unsteady flow system

amount of mass within the control volume does change with time
during unsteady flow process
the mass balances can be expressed

m
in
m
out
= Am
system
(kg)
where
Am
system
= m
final


m
initial
is the change in the mass of the system
during the process

Em
i
- Em
e
= (m
2
m
1
)
system
where
i = inlet, e = exit, 1 = initial state, 2 = final state

example
m
i
= 0 if no mass enters the control volume during the process
m
e
= 0 if no mass leaves the control volume during the process
m
1
= 0 if control volume is initially evacuated
b) Conservation of Energy Balances in unsteady flow system

the energy content of a control volume changes with times
during an unsteady flow process
general energy balances

E
in


E
out
= AE
system
(kJ)


Energy balances for a uniform flow system




where u = h + ke + pe (flowing fluid)
e = u + ke + pe (non-flowing fluid)
( ) ( ) ( )
system
e e out ut i i in in
e m e m m W Q m W Q
1 1 2 2
= + + + +

u u
o
When the kinetic and potential energy changes associated with
the control volume are negligible, the energy balance can simplified to





note that if no mass enters or leaves the control volume during a process
(m
i
=

m
e
= 0) and (m
1
= m
2
=m)

( ) ( ) ( )
system
e e out ut i i in in
u m u m h m W Q h m W Q
1 1 2 2
= + + + +
o
* unsteady flow system may involve boundary
work as well as electrical and shaft work *
Example 5.4.1

A 0.1 m
3
rigid tank initially contains refrigerant R134a at 1MPa and 100
percent quality. The tank is connected by a valve to a supply line that
carries refrigerant R134a at 1.2 MPa and 30C. Now the valve is opened
and the refrigerant is allowed to enter the tank. The valve is closed when
it is observed that the tank contains saturated liquid at 1.2 MPa.
Determine
a) the mass of the refrigerant that has entered the tank
b) the amount of heat transfer

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