RESPIRATION

DEFINITION
• External respiration: mechanical
process that maintains a continuous
exchange of gases between
respiratory surfaces of an organism
and its environment.
• Internal respiration: also known
as cellular respiration is the
biochemical process in which energy
is made available to all living
 ENERGY REQUIREMENT
• Muscle contractions
• Active transport
• Transmission of nerve impulses
• Synthesis of proteins
• Formation of new protoplasm
• Cell division
 AEROBIC RESPIRATION
• Requires continuous supply of oxygen
• Involve the complete breakdown of
glucose in the presence of oxygen.
• Occurs in the mitochondrion
• Equation:
C6H12O6+6O2 CO2+6H2O+2898kJ
 ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
• Anaerobes: Organisms that respire
anaerobically.
• Examples: bacteria and certain type
of yeast
• Occurs in the cytoplasm
• Limited supply or no supply of
oxygen
• Glucose breakdown is incomplete
 ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
• Product: Lactic acid (in muscle),
ethanol (in yeast cells)
• Energy released: 2ATP (150kJ)
• High level of lactic acid in the muscle
can cause muscular cramps and
fatique
• Equation:
C6H12O6 2C3H6O3 + 150kJ (2ATP)
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
• Equation (anaerobic respiration in yeast)
• C6H12O6 zymase
C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 210kJ
The Respiratory Structures and
Breathing Mechanisms in
Humans and Animals
• Adaptations of respiratory surfaces:
- the respiratory surface is moist
- cells lining the respiratory surface
are thin
- the respiratory structure has a
large surface area
• Unicellular organisms do not need
specialised respiratory structure as the
outer surface of these organisms provides
an adequate surface area for the diffusion
of gas.
• The larger the size of an organism, the
smaller the surface area per unit volume
of organism.
• For larger and complex organisms, the
volume of body requires oxygen increases
more rapidly than the surface area
• Complex organism need specialised
respiratory structures for efficient gaseous
exchange.
 Respiratory Structure and
Breathing Mechanism of Insects
• Known as tracheal system :
composed of air tubes (trachea)
• Air enters the tracheae through a
series of openings called spiracles
• Tracheae branch into finer tubed
called tracheoles
• Larger number of trachaeols provides
a large surface area
• The tips of the tracheoles are closed
and contain fluid. Air enters the
tracheae through the spiracles and
travels through the tracheoles to the
fluid-filled tips, where oxygen
diffuses directly from the tracheoles
into the cells, and CO2 diffuses from
the cells into the tracheoles.
Breathing Mechanism of A Fish
• Gills have an interesting structure. The gill
filaments (which absorb the oxygen) are very
numerous and are attached to bony gill arches.
On the opposite side of the gill arches are the gill
rakers which face forward towards the mouth to
filter clean water as it passes over the fills.
• During respiration, water enters the buccal
cavity and flows over the gills. Oxygen is
absorbed into the gill filaments and then into the
bloodstream. Water that has oxygenated the gills
leaves the fishes body through the operculum on
the side of the head.
Breathing Mechanism (fish)
• Mouth opens, floor of buccal cavity
lowered, operculum closed, pressure
inside the mouth is lowered, water is
drawn into the mouth.
• Mouth closes, floor of buccal cavity is
raised. Water flows through lamellae and
gaseous exchange takes place. The
increased of water pressure forces the
operculum to open and water flows out.
 Respiratory Structure of
Amphibians
• Gaseous exchange in frogs occurs
through skin and lungs
• Skin: thin, highly permeable to
respiratory gasses, moist by the
secretion of mucus by glands on the
surface of body, network of blood
capillaries underneath of skin.
 Respiratory Structure of
Amphibians
• Lungs: a pair of thin walled sacs
connected to the mouth through
glottis. Membranes of the lungs are
thin, moist and covered by network
of blood capillaries.
 Amphibian (inhale)
• Frog breathes through nostrils
• Bucco-pharyngeal floor lowered,
glottis closed
• Air drawn into the bucco-pharyngeal
cavity
• Nostrils close, glottis open, bucco-
pharyngeal floor raised, air is pushed
into lungs
• Lungs expand
 Amphibian (exhale)
• Lung muscles contract
• Air expelled from the lungs
• Some air escapes through the
nostrils, the rest mixes with the air in
the bucco-pharyngeal cavity
 The Respiratory Structure And
Breathing Mechanism Of Humans
• Gaseous exchange in humans occurs
in the lungs.
• Lungs: located in the thoracic cavity,
protected by rib cage.
• Air enters lungs through a special
tube called trachea, supported by C-
shaped ring of cartilage. The
cartilages keep the trachea open and
prevent it from collapsing.
 The Respiratory Structure And
Breathing Mechanism Of Humans
• Bronchi: the lower end
of the trachea divides
into two primary tubes
called bronchi
• Bronchus branches
repeatedly to form
bronchioles. Each
bronchiole ends in a
cluster of microscopic
air sacs called alveoli
The Respiratory Structure And
Breathing Mechanism Of
Humans
• Alveoli: numerous, provide huge surface
area for gaseous change.
• Inner surface of each alveolus is lined with
a layer of moist epithelial cells
• The outer surface of each alveolus is
covered by a dense network of blood
capillaries.
• Both alveolus and nearby capillary walls
are one cell thick.
ALVEOLUS
INTERCOSTAL MUSCLE
DIAPHRAGM
 INHALATION
• External intercostal muscles contract
• Internal intercostal muscles relax
• Diaphragm contract (becomes flat)
and cause the volume of the thoracic
cavity to increase.
• Air pressure in lungs decreases, so
air from the environment is drawn
into the lungs.
• Rib cage move outward and upward
 EXHALATION
• The processes involved are vice
versa of inhalation
• Can you figure them out?