Chapter 9

Life Functions
 Chapter Overview:

What you will be learning......

 The 7 life functions common to all living things

 Photosynthesis and cellular respiration

 The difference and similarities between photosynthesis and cellular

respiration

 The major human organ systems

 The functions of the digestive system and circulatory system

 Some technologies used to monitor life

 Today’s Overview- 9.1

What you will learn

today......
 The 7 life functions
Mnemonic(memory aid) for
the life functions

 Different plant and animal

adaptations
 Life Functions

 Although all living things look different from each other,

they all have seven things in common.

 These seven things are called life processes.

 Something is only alive if it does all seven processes.

The following slides will explain these seven processes.

 Life Functions....

Transportation
 This includes the actual movement of the
organism, its parts, or its internal materials

Examples
 Animals move their whole bodies to get
from one place to another.

 Plants turn towards the light and their roots

grow down into the soil.
 Life Functions......

Nutrition
 All living things must be able to
produce or obtain food
 Food is used to provide energy.
Green plants make their own food
using sunlight.
Animals eat plants or other
animals.
 Life Functions......

Growth and Repair

 All living things are able to build

and/or repair body parts
Babies grow into adults.
Seedlings grow into plants.
 Life Functions.....

Reproduction:
 Being able to make new cells or a new
organism
Bacteria are single celled organisms
and they replicate themselves
Animals have babies
 Life Functions

Regulation:
 All living things respond to changes. Living
things notice changes in their surroundings and
react to them.

 “Sensitive to their surroundings”

Plants grow towards the light.

 Life Functions.....

Metabolism
 Breathing- getting oxygen into our
body and releasing carbon dioxide

 Digesting- breaking our food down

to get nutrients and energy to our
bodies

 Eliminating wastes
 Life Functions.....

Synthesis
 Being able to direct cell activities to
create, or build needed substances.
 Mnemonic

The Life Functions

The Life Functions
 Metabolism
 M
 Reproduction
 R
 Synthesis
 S
 Growth and Repair
 G
 Regulate
 R
 And
 And
 Nutrition
 N
 Transportation
 T

 **Mrs. Grant**
 Plant and Animal Adaptations

Adaptation is the process of making adjustments to

the environment in order to survive

Many plants and animals have adaptations which

allow them to survive harsh conditions.

Examples:
Torpor
Hibernation
Dormancy
Estivation
 Torpor

This is usually a short term state of reduced body

temperature and metabolism.

Torpor is often used to help animals survive during

periods of colder temperatures(night), since it allows
the organism to save the amount of energy that would
normally be used to maintain a high body
temperature.

humming birds and bats commonly use this form of

adaptation
 Hibernation

Is an inactive, sleep like state. The

animal slows its metabolism which
causes their body temperature to drop.

This allows them to reduce the amount

of energy their body uses. This is
needed during winter because of the
lack of available food supplies.

Animals that hibernate include bears

and hedgehogs
 Dormancy

Is when a plant stops growing for a period of time

when resources are low. This is usually during winter.

Seeds can become dormant for hundreds of years. In

many cases seeds will stay dormant until ideal
conditions come along.

Some seeds even require a forest fire before they will

start to grow.
 Estivation

The period when an animal is inactive because of

drought and/or extreme heat

It is the opposite of hibernation. Hibernation occurs

in the winter and estivation occurs in the summer

Snails and frogs undergo estivation

 Todays Overview:
9.2 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Today you will learn....
 What photosynthesis is
 Where photosynthesis takes place
 What the reactants and products of photosynthesis are

 What cellular respiration is

 Where cellular respiration takes place
 What the reactants and products of cellular respiration are

 What the similarities and differences between photosynthesis

and cellular respiration
 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
 All plants and animals need a continuous supply of energy in order to grow

and function.

 From the life functions this falls under the nutrition category.

 Animals obtain their energy from the food they eat. Plants need to make their

own food in a process called photosynthesis

 These two life functions are connected

In photosynthesis plants make their own food

In a process called cellular respiration, the food that is produced undergoes

chemical change and releases energy.
 Photosynthesis

Is the process by which chloroplasts

in the plant cells convert sunlight,

water, and carbon dioxide into
glucose and oxygen.

Glucose is a simple sugar that can be

stored until it is needed for energy.

 Photosynthesis

Purpose:
 to provide plants with food

Location:
 In the Chloroplast of the cell

Reactants:
 Carbon dioxide, sunlight and water

Products:
 Oxygen and glucose

Carbon dioxide + Water + Sunlight Oxygen + Glucose

 Photosynthesis video

..\..\..\..\Videos\RealPlayer Downloads\Photosynthesis T
 Storing Plant Food

Any food that the plant does not use immediately use
is stored for later use.
Plants store their food in a variety of different parts.
 Cellular Respiration

Both plants and animals use cellular respiration

During cellular respiration, the energy stored inside our

food is converted to other forms of energy that our bodies
can use.

If this is where our energy comes from, or is released from,

where in the cell does this occur?

The Power House

 The Mitochondria- all cells have mitochondria
 Cellular Respiration
 The mitochondria convert energy from the food into a form of
energy that the cell can use to grow and do work.

 Reactants: Glucose and Oxygen

 Products: Carbon dioxide, water and energy

Glucose Carbon
Dioxide
C6H12O6
CO2

Water
Oxygen H2 O
O2
Energy
Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESPIRATION
Where? In the chloroplast In the mitochondria
When? In the presence of light All the time
Reactants Carbon dioxide, water, and Glucose and oxygen
sunlight
Products Glucose, oxygen Carbon dioxide and
water
Energy sources Light Chemical bonds
Energy result Energy stored Energy released

Plants or Plants Both plants and animals

Animals
 Todays Overview:
9.3 Human Organ Systems

A general description of the functions of the

 Digestive system
 Nervous system
 Circulatory system
 Urinary System
 Skeletal System
 More...

The role of the digestive system

The parts of the digestive system
The different ways to monitor life functions
 Organ Systems
Skeletal System
 Provides shape and form for out
bodies

 Protects body and its organs

 Produces blood

Muscular System
 Makes it possible for the body to
move

 Provides posture and joint stability

 Video- The Skeletal System

..\..\..\..\Videos\RealPlayer Downloads\
HowStuffWorks
Videos Human Body The Skeletal System.flv
 Organ Systems

Nervous System
 Provides a communication network
from the brain to the rest of the body
 Regulates life functions
 Respiratory System

 Responsible for getting oxygen into

the body and carbon dioxide out
 Organ System
Reproductive System

 Allows the organism to reproduce by

producing egg and sperm cells
transporting and sustaining these cells
nurturing a developing fetus
producing hormones
 Organ System

Urinary (Excretory) System

 Kidney filters blood that has collected
wastes from cells and then transports
these wastes to the urinary bladder

 Urinary bladder holds wastes until they

are excreted through the urethra
 Organ System

Circulatory System
 Transports substances throughout
the body including
food molecules
oxygen
carbon dioxide
wastes
hormones
 Organ System

Digestive System
 Breaks down and digests food into
small chemical compounds that can be
used by cells

 Rids the body of solid wastes

 The Digestive System
 Chemical energy is stored in food and it is the digestive system that

changes the food we eat into simple chemical compound that can be
used in our body, in our cells.

 The body uses these compound, we call nutrients, for energy, growth

and repair.

 The major types of nutrients are carbohydrates which include sugars

and starches, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water.

 Digestion Video

..\..\..\..\Videos\RealPlayer Downloads\
HowStuffWorks
Videos The Digestive System Digestion.flv
The Digestive System

Your digestive system is one

long continuous tube. The

food enters your mouth and
food waste leaves through
your anus. Start Finish.
 Parts of the Digestive System

Mouth:
 point of ingestion

Teeth:
 chew food into smaller pieces

Salivary glands:
 moisten food, contain enzymes to
start breaking down food
Esophagus:
 pushes food to stomach through
wave-like muscle spasm
 Parts of the Digestive system

Gall bladder:
 stores bile

Pancreas:
 provides most digestive enzymes;
produces insulin to extract nutrients
from food

Stomach:
 mixes food through with muscle
contractions; releases acids that activate
chemicals to digest food; dissolves food
in liquid form
 Parts of the Digestive System

Small intestine:
 has chemicals to digest food; neutralizes
stomach acid; absorbs most nutrients

Large intestine:
 absorbs vitamins, minerals, and water

Rectum:
 stores solid waste

Anus:
 discharges solid mass of undigested food called
feces
 Salivary glands
Mouth

Teeth
Esophagus
Stomach

Pancreas
Gall Bladder

Large intestine
Small intestine

Rectum
Anus
 9.4 Keeping an Eye on Life Functions

The following are technologies developed to maintain or

monitor life functions

CAT Scan
 Is an X-ray picture of the brain. It is used to check for swelling or
internal bleeding. If these things are not caught it can be fatal.

Blood Pressure Cuff

 Is used to check your blood pressure

Stethoscope
 Is used to check your heart rate
CAT Scan
 Keeping an Eye on Life Functions

X-rays
 Allow us to see any damage to your bones. It does this because
X-rays are able to penetrate soft tissue like skin but not dense
tissue like bones.
EKG
 Is a machine used to diagnose disorders in your heart. It prints
out a record of the rate and pattern of a patients heart
EKG
 Keeping an Eye on Life Functions

EEG
 Is used to study your brain. It records changes in brain activity.

Endoscope
 Is a light instrument that allows doctors to see the inside of
hollow organs such as your stomach. This allows them to check
for abnormalities.
Endoscope
 Todays Overview:
9.3- Organ systems
Today you will learn......
 More about the circulatory system and its parts

 How the circulatory system and digestive system work together

 How to check your blood pressure and what blood pressure

means.
 The Circulatory System

The role of the circulatory

system is to move blood through
out the body.

The systems consists of:

 The heart
 Capillaries
 The arteries
 Veins
 The Circulatory System
 The Heart-
 Is a hollow muscle that pumps the blood through your body

 The Arteries-
 The heart receives oxygen rich blood from the lungs and the arteries take this
blood away from the heart to the body.

 The Capillaries-
 Are extremely small net like vessels that connect the veins and arteries.

 Their walls are only one cell thick and this allows them to exchange oxygen with other
cells in our body easily.

 The Veins-
 Returns oxygen poor blood from the body back to the heart
 The Circulatory system

When blood is oxygen rich it is red. When blood is

oxygen-poor it is blue.

Arteries are red because they contain oxygen rich

blood

Veins are blue because they contain oxygen rich blood

 The Cycle of the Circulatory System
1. Veins bring blood from the body back to the heart so that it can be re-
oxygenated by the lungs.
2. From the lungs the now oxygen rich blood returns to the heart.
3. When the blood gets back to the heart and it is pumped to the body through
the arteries.
4. From the arteries the oxygen rich blood enters the capillaries so that the
oxygen from the blood can be exchanged with other cells in the body
5. The now oxygen poor blood flows into the veins and is brought back to the
heart where it will be pumped to the lungs and re-oxygenated.
(And the cycle continues)
The Cycle of the Circulatory System
O O
XY XY
G G
E E
N N
P RI
O C
O H
R
The heart
 Working Together
The Digestive System and the Circulatory System
 The circulatory system works with the
digestive system in the following ways:

2. Nutrients from the digestive system enters

the blood stream through the capillary wall

3. The circulatory system carries the nutrients

to the cells of the body

4. Nutrients travel around, over and through

each cell in the body.
 Working Together
The Digestive System and the Circulatory System
5. Waste molecules pass from the cells
back to the bloodstream through the
capillary walls

6. The circulatory system helps dispose of

waste and toxins. These would harm
the body if they accumulated
 Check Your Blood Pressure

 When your heart pumps you can feel the

wave of blood when you check your pulse.

Your Pulse tells you how fast your heart is
beating.
 Your blood has to reach all areas of your

body from the heart so it is pumped under

great pressure.
 You can measure the pressure using a

blood pressure cuff.

 Check Your Blood Pressure

a blood pressure reading consists of two numbers (e.g 12o

over 80)

The two numbers represent the blood pressure at two

different stages of your heart’s pumping cycle.

When your heart pumps, blood pressure rises sharply.

This provides the high number and is called the systolic
pressure.

You can remember systolic by remembering that it is the

sharp pressure rise. Both start with S
 Check Your Blood Pressure

When the heart is relaxed, and just before it contracts

to pump again, the blood pressure is at its lowest. This
is referred to as the diastolic pressure.

You can remember diastolic by remembering its a the

decreased blood pressure. Both starting with D
 Activity: Check Your Pulse

 Find your pulse

 I will time you for 10 seconds

and you count how many times
you feel your pulse.

 Now times that number by 6

 ______x6=_______

 This is how many times your

heart beats per minute!