Created by :Bhuvnesh singh

Hybrid means a thing made by two or more sub components

A hybrid is anything that uses two or mores sources directly or indirectly to provide propulsion
Examples of hybrid vehicles being used:

Diesel-electric:
Locomotives Buses Submarines (can also be nuclear-electric)

Gasoline-electric:
Passenger Vehicles (cars)

Fossil fuel reserves exhausting rapidly. Stringent Pollution Norms LEVs- Low Emission Vehicles Lower CO2 and Hence lower global warming Low Noise Higher Fuel Efficiency Higher Power at Low /Idle Speeds Power wastage minimized (Regenerative Braking)

HV: High Voltage LV: Low Voltage BMS: Battery Management System MG: Motor Generator ICE: Internal Combustion Engine SOC: State of Charge (Expressed in %age).

Based on The arrangement of Transmission:

Series Hybrid Parallel Hybrid

ICE runs a generator that charges the battery. Battery powers the MG. No direct link between the ICE and Wheels. Engine need not be switched on all the time. Usually have a higher fuel efficiency than Parallel Hybrids. Expensive than a Parallel Hybrid.

Internal Combustion Engine.

Generator

ICE and MG work together to drive the vehicle. ICE keeps running for most of the times during the vehicle movement. Has a lower Fuel efficiency than series hybrid. Cheaper than a series hybrid.

Internal Combustion Engine.

Inverter

Motor Generator
Transmission Gearbox

Based on the Transmission:

Full Hybrids- Moves solely on electric power
Mild Hybrids- Needs some ICE to power the vehicle to move Start/Stop Hybrids (Micro Hybrids)- Use electric power only during Idling or braking. Plug in Hybrids: The HV battery can be charged by plugging in to the normal power outlets.

Fossil Fuel Driven Usually Smaller in size than conventional engines. Lower torque, usually functional at higher speeds. Serves dual purpose of generation/movement.

Named so because of its Dual Function. Runs on the battery power to provide driving torque. Usually provides higher starting torque than ICE itself. Generates power during braking, deceleration or higher vehicle speeds. Is usually a 3-phase 440v AC motor. Works in U,V and W phases. Based on a permanent magnet induction system. Also helps in starting the engine, aiding in a silent and quick start.

Motoring Mode: 3-Phase electric current generates a rotational magnetic field in the windings of stator coil. This pulls the magnets in the rotor. Proper timing causes the motor to rotate, generating the torque.

Generation mode: applied torque generates a magnetic flux in the widings of the stator coil. This induces an emf in the coil which is fed to the PE module which further charges the battery. Idle mode: The MG rotates without any consumption/generation when the SOC of the HV Battery is full.

Speed of the motor is controlled by varying the frequency. Torque is varied by varying the input current.

Also called planetary gear system. Transmits the power from the powertrain to the wheels. Distributes the load on the ICE-MG According to the need. In some cases, varies the direction of the rotation of the MG to toggle between the motoring and the generation modes.

A High Voltage DC Battery. Has an array of voltaic cells arranged in series/parallel combination Usually NiMh and Li-polymer batteries are used. Lead batteries avoided due to excessive mass and various other defects. Expensive and forms a major part of the cost factor. Expected life ~8 to 10 years.

Never charged to 100% to prolong life. Usually charged between 20-80%. Has internal HV BMS. BMS Manages SOC, service on/off requests and emergency initiations. Is also used to provide secondary functions to the DC systems of the vehicles in some cases in DC-DC systems.

Converts the DC voltage of the HV Battery to 3-phase AC voltage for running the MG. Also rectifies the AC voltage generated by MG during regenerative braking or in generation mode. Also helps in cutting the power supply in times of emergency conditions. Has to be constantly cooled, generates heat to a lot extent.

Different from the engine ECU. Controls the HV system. Maintains a close loop coordination with the engine ECU and other vehicle CUs Has independent dataset. Another factor in cost addition. Works on 12-24 volts.

Cost: HV Battery, MG, HV ECU, PE system adds upto large additional costs. Battery Life: ~8-10 Years and then has to be replaced. Maintenance of HV System is costly. HV System is hazardous in emergency circumstances. PE System is delicate and dangerous. Vehicle feels underpowered at high speeds.

Fossil Fuel reserves fast depleting. Alternate resources are the future. This is just a start of the Hybrids. Vehicle manufacturers constantly striving to provide more and more advancement. Alternatives include Plug-in Electric Vehicles, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, biofuel vehicles.