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Transport Phenomena
Lab 4
Autumn Quarter
Lab 4
P. 1
Topics to be covered
Transport Phenomena Energy Mass Momentum (fluid) Viscosity and rheology Falling ball viscometers
examine the effect of viscosity on object falling through the fluid.
Autumn Quarter The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lab 4 P. 2
Transportation applications
Energy Fighter jet cooling Radiators Air conditioners Mass Intracellular transfer Momentum (i.e. fluid) Pumps Airplane flight Water flow Applications all over engineering: Mechanical Chemical Aeronautical Biomedical Civil Industrial Systems Materials Science
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N2
valve
O2
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Viscosity A fluid flow property Internal property of a fluid that offers resistance to flow it is a measure of how easily a fluid can flow. Results from cohesion and molecular momentum exchange between fluid layers as flow occurs, these appear as shearing stresses between moving layers. It can also be viewed as a resistance to shear force, more viscous the fluid is, higher the resistance.
Autumn Quarter The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lab 4 P. 7
Coefficient of Viscosity ()
Under conditions of laminar flow, the force (F) required to move a plate at constant speed against the resistance of a fluid is proportional to the area of the plate (A) and to the velocity gradient (dVx/dy) perpendicular to the plate.
F = A (dVx/dy)
(or)
Critical Re changes based on application there are no analytical methods for predicting critical Re available due to complex origins of turbulence.
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Re and Critical Velocity For fluid flow through Critical Re changes for pipes, critical Re 2000 different flow types: 1 for object moving in a fluid (this lab) Re < 2000 for laminar 1000 for flow between parallel walls Re >> 2000 for turbulent 500 for flow in a wide open channel 2000 < Re < 4000 is transition region laminar or turbulent
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Vt
Requires a transparent vertical tube filled with test fluid and the object (a sphere). When object starts to drop (free fall), it accelerates downward till it reaches a maximum velocity called terminal velocity (Vt). Terminal velocity affected by
Density, viscosity of the fluid Shape, size, density of object
Falling Sphere Viscometer When body attains terminal velocity, body experiences no acceleration forces acting on the body are in equilibrium. Magnitude of terminal velocity should result in a low Re critical Re is about 1. Gravitational Force (Fg) depends on:
Density of sphere Radius of sphere Acceleration due to gravity
Autumn Quarter The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lab 4
Fd = Fg Fb
Fd Fb Fg
P. 13
Fg
Autumn Quarter The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lab 4 P. 14
through fluid
Should yield Re << 1 for laminar flow. Start recording after sphere attains terminal velocity.
Vt
Wall effects
Bottom effects
To ensure minimal error, we stop recording before a specific height from the bottom of cylinder.
The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lab 4 P. 15
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Lab 4
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Todays Goals
Collect data using the LabVIEW application Save at least 6 .csv files 3 per fluid using the two fluids at your table Collect 6 sample Vt (3 per fluid) and report to the front, as described at end of procedure: Open your .csv files and determine Vt by fitting trendlines and calculating total velocity
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Lab 4
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