4.

1 Introduction
Supersonic flow over a corner.
Ch4 Oblique Shock and Expansion Waves
4.2 Oblique Shock Relations
M
1
sin
1
=
| >
Mach angle
(stronger disturbances)
A Mach wave is a limiting case for oblique shocks.
i.e. infinitely weak oblique shock
Oblique shock wave geometry
| , ,
1 1
P V
Given :
Find :
Given :
Find :
or
u , ,
1 1
P V
| ..., ,
2 2
P V
u ..., ,
2 2
P V
Galilean Invariance :
e e e = =
2 1
Continuity eq :
0
2 2 2 1 1 1
= + A u A u
2 1
A A =
2 2 1 1
u u =
Momentum eq :
}}} }}} }} }}

=
c
c
+
s s
s pd d f d
t
u
u s d u

) (
) (
parallel to the shock


The tangential component of the flow velocity is
preserved across an oblique shock wave
Normal to the shock
2
2 2 2
2
1 1 1
u P u P + = +
The tangential component of the flow velocity is preserved.
Superposition of uniform velocity does not change static variables.

( ) ( )
2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1
0 e e e e = = + u u

( ) ( )
2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1
) ( P P u u u u + = +
Energy eq :
The changes across an oblique shock wave are governed by the normal
component of the free-stream velocity.
2
2
2
2 2 1
2
1
1 1 2 2 1 1
2 2
)
2
( )
2
( ) (
)
2
( )]
2
( [
) (
u
u
e u
u
e u P u P
s d u
u
e d
u
e
t
d u f s d u P W W Q
s
s
viscous shaft

+ + + = +
+ + +
c
c
=
+ + +
}} }}}
}}} }}

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
2 2
2
2
2
2
1
1
u
h
u
h

2
1
2
1
1
e + = u u

2 2
2
2
2
2
1
1
u
h
u
h + = +
( )
( ) 2 1
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
+
+
=
Mn
Mn

( ) 1
1
2
1
2
1
1
2

+
+ = Mn
P
P

( )
( )
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
2

+
=
Mn
Mn
Mn

2
1
1
2
1
2

P
P
T
T
=
and
For a calorically perfect gas
( ) u |
=
sin
2
2
Mn
M
Special case
2
t
| =

normal shock
Notechanges across a normal shock wave the functions of M
1
only
changes across an oblique shock wave the functions of M
1
& |
| sin
1 1
M Mn =
Same algebra as applied to the normal shock equction
( )
(

+ +

=
2 2 cos
1 sin
cot 2 tan
2
1
2 2
1
|
|
| u
M
M
and
( )
2
2
1
1
tan
tan
e
u |
e
|
u
u
=
=
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) 2 sin 1
sin 1
2 1
1
tan
tan
2 2
1
2 2
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
+
+
=
+
+
= = =

|
|

u |
|
M
M
Mn
Mn
u
u
M | u
relation
For =1.4
(transparancy
or Handout)

Note :
1. For any given M
1
there is a maximum deflection angle max
u
If
max
u u >
no solution exists for a straight oblique shock wave
shock is curved & detached,

2. If
max
u u <
strong shock solution (large )
|
M
2
is subsonic
weak shock solution (small ) |
M
2
is supersonic except for a small region near
max
u
, there are two values of for a given M
1
|
t
| u = = = or
2
0
3.
4. For a fixed u
+ |
| +
|
|
1
1
M
M
5. For a fixed M
1
2 2
, , T P | u | and
+ |
2 2
, M
>
max
u u
Shock detached
Ex 4.1
(weak shock solution)
Finally, there is a M
1
below which no solutions are possible
shock detached
4.3 Supersonic Flow over Wedges and Cones
The flow streamlines behind the shock are
straight and parallel to the wedge surface.
The pressure on the surface of the wedge
is constant = P
2
Straight oblique shocks
Ex 4.4 Ex 4.5 Ex4.6
3-D flow, P
s
P
2
.
Streamlines are curved.
3-D relieving effect.
Weaker shock wave than
a wedge of the same ,


P
2
, , T
2
are lower


Integration (Taylor &
Maccolls solution, ch 10)

=
u
2

4.4 Shock Polar graphical explanations

Point A in the hodograph plane
represents the entire flowfield
of region 1 in the physical plane.
c.f
Shock polar
Locus of all possible velocities behind the oblique shock
Increases to
B
u
C
u
+
2
V
(stronger shock)
Nondimensionalize V
x
and V
y
by a*
(Sec 3.4, a*
1
=a*
2
adiabatic )

( )
max
u u <

Shock polar of all possible for a given

*
2
M
*
1
M
1
*
< M
1
*
> M
( )
( )

=
=

+
=
M
if
for
M
M
M
4 . 1
, 45 . 2
1
1
1
1
2
*
2 *
2

1 1
1 1
1 1
*
*
1
*
1
= =
< <
> >
M M
M M
M M
Important properties of the shock polar
1. For a given deflection angle , there are 2 intersection points D&B

(strong shock solution) (weak shock solution)
2. tangent to the shock polarthe maximum lefleation angle for a given

For no oblique shock solution

u
OC
max
u
*
1
M
>
max
0 u
4. Shock wave angle = Z HOA AB OH
|
5. The shock polars for different mach numbers.
3. Point E & A represent flow with no deflection
Mach line
normal shock solution
( ) 1
1
2
1
*
1
*
2
*
1
*
1 *
2
*
*
1
2
*
+
|
.
|

\
|

+
(

|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
M
a
V
M
M
a
V
a
V
M
a
V
x
x x
y

ref1. Ferri, Antonio, Elements of Aerodynamics of Supersonic Flows , 1949.

2. Shapiro, A.H., The Dynamics and Thermodynamics of Compressible
Fluid Flow, 1953.
4.5 Regular Reflection from a Solid Boundary
(i.e. the reflected shock wave is not specularly reflected)
1 2
M M <
( )
1 2
| u | = = u
Ex 4.7
4.6 Pressure Deflection Diagrams -locus of all possible static pressure
behind an oblique shock wave as a
function deflection angle for given
upstream conditions.
Wave interaction
Shock wave a solid boundary
Shock shock
Shock expansion
Shock free boundaries
Expansion expansion

Left-running Wave :
When standing at a point on
the waves and looking
downstream, you see the wave
running-off towards your left.
(downward consider negative)
(+)
(-)
u P
diagram for sec 4.5
4.7 Intersection of Shocks of Opposite Families
'
4
4
P P =
1.


2. and have
(the same direction.
In general they differ in magnitude. )
4
V

'
4
V

C&D:refracted shocks
(maybe expansion waves)
Assume
shock A is stronger
than shock B
a streamline going through
the shock system A&C
experience or a different
entropy change than a
streamline going through the
shock system B&D


'
4
4
s s =
1 2
u u >
Dividing streamline EF
(slip line)
If
coupletely sysmuetric
no slip line
=
3 2
u u

Assume and are known & are known

if solution


if Assume another
'
4
u u
4
u
=
'
4 4
P P
=
'
4 4
P P
4
P
'
4
P
u
4.8 Intersection of Shocks of the same family
Will Mach wave emanate from A & C
intersect the shock ?

Point A supersonic



intersection

Point C


Subsonic



intersection
1
1
1
1
1
sin
sin
V
a
V
u
=
=

|
( )
2
2
2
2
2
sin
sin
V
u
V
a
=
=
u |

>
>
1
1 1
|
a u
( )

<
<
2
2 2
u |
a u

(or expansion wave)

A left running shock intersects
another left running shock
4.9 Mach Reflection
max
u u < for M
2
Flow parallel to the upper
wall & subsonic
( for ) max
u
1
M
> >u
( for ) max
u
2
M
A regular reflection is
not possible
A straight
oblique shock
Much reflection

4.10 Detached Shock Wave in Front of a Blunt Body
From a to e , the curved shock goes
through all possible oblique shock
conditions for M
1.
CFD is needed
4.11 Three Dimensional Shock Wave
( )
2 2 2 2 2 1 1
, , , , Mn h T P n i M Mn =

Immediately behind the shock at point A
Inside the shock layer , non uniform variation.
4.12 Prandtl Meyer Expansion Waves
Expansion waves are the
antithesis of shock waves
Some qualitative aspects :
1. M
2
>M
1
1 , 1 , 1
1
2
1
2
1
2
< < <
T
T
P
P

2.
3. The expansion fan is a continuous expansion region. Composed of an infinite
number of Mach waves.
Forward Mach line :

Rearward Mach line :
4. Streamlines through an expansion wave are smooth curved lines.

|
.
|

\
|
=

1
1
1
1
sin
M

|
.
|

\
|
=

2
1
2
1
sin
M

Centered expansion fan

5. i.e. The expansion is isentropic. ( Mach wave)
Consider the infinitesimal changes across a very weak wave.
(essentially a Mach wave)
0 = ds
An infinitesimally small flow deflection.

u d
( ) ( ) u d dV V V + + = cos cos tangential component
is preserved.
( ) u

d V
dV V
+
=
+

cos
cos
u tan 1
1
1
d V
dV

= +

u
tan
V
dV
d =
V
dV
M d 1
2
= u
1
1
tan
1
sin
2
1

=
=

M
M

as 0 u d
governing differential equation for prandtl-Meyer flow
general relation holds for perfect, chemically reacting gases
real gases.
V
dV
M d
M
M
} }
=
2
1
2
1
1
2
u
u
u ? =
V
dV
Ma V = adM Mda dV + =

M
dM
a
da
V
dV
+ = ? =
a
da
Specializing to a calorically perfect gas
2 0
2
0
2
1
1 M
T
T
a
a
+ = =
|
.
|

\
|

2
1
2
0
2
1
1

|
.
|

\
|
+ = M a a

M
dM
M
V
dV
2
2
1
1
1

+
=

M
dM
M
M
d
M
M
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
0
2
1
2
1

+

= =
} }

u u
u
u
let ( )
}

+

=
M
dM
M
M
M
2
2
2
1
1
1

v
( ) ( ) 1 tan 1
1
1
tan
1
1
2 1 2 1

+

+
=

M M M v

--- for calorically perfect gas

table A.5 for
( ) M
=
v
4 . 1
( ) ( )
1 2 2
M M v v u =
Have the same reference point
procedures of calculating a Prandtl-Meyer expansion wave
1. from Table A.5 for the given M
1

2.

( )
1
M v
( ) ( )
1 2 2
M M v u v + =
3. M
2
from Table A.5
4. the expansion is isentropic are constant through the wave

0 0
, P T
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1

(
(
(

+
=

+
=

M
M
P
P
M
M
T
T