PROPAGATION OF WAVE

Presented To: Ms. Papiya Bhowmik

Presented By: Utkarsh Abhishu (100106361) Vipul Khandelwal (100106380) Tarun Raj Singh (100106357) Tarkeshwar Gupta (100106356)

Contents
Wave and wave propagation. Classification of waves according to propagation. Longitudinal Wave

Transverse Wave
Fluids and transverse wave Mechanical Wave Electromagnetic Wave Electromagnetic Propagation

Waves
A wave is a disturbance or oscillation that travels through space and matter, accompanied by a transfer of energy.

Transfers energy from one point to another without permanent displacement of mediums particle.
Wave propagation is any of the ways in which waves travel. With respect to the direction of the oscillation relative to the propagation direction, we can distinguish between longitudinal wave and transverse waves.

Classification of waves According to propagation

On the basis of direction of propagation relative to oscillation: Longitudinal Wave Transverse Wave On the basis of medium of propagation: Mechanical Waves Electromagnetic Waves

Longitudinal Wave
A longitudinal wave is a wave in which particles of the medium move in a direction parallel to the direction that the wave moves. A sound wave traveling through air is a classic example of a longitudinal wave. As a sound wave moves from the lips of a speaker to the ear of a listener, particles of air vibrate back and forth in the same direction and the opposite direction of energy transport.

Examples

Sound wave through air

Longitudinal oscillation of spring

Transverse Wave
A transverse wave is a wave in which particles of the medium move in a direction perpendicular to the direction that the wave moves A slinky is stretched out in a horizontal direction and pulse is introduced into the slinky on the left end by vibrating the first coil up and down then energy will begin to be transported through the slinky from left to right. As the energy is transported from left to right, the individual coils of the medium will be displaced upwards and downwards. In this case, the particles of the medium move perpendicular to the direction that the pulse moves. This type of wave is a transverse wave.

Examples

A wave on a string

A ripple in a pond

Why transverse waves are Not seen in fluids?

Waves traveling through a solid medium can be either transverse waves or longitudinal waves. Yet waves traveling through the bulk of a fluid (such as a liquid or a gas) are always longitudinal waves. Transverse waves require a relatively rigid medium in order to transmit their energy. As one particle begins to move it must be able to exert a pull on its nearest neighbor. If the medium is not rigid as is the case with fluids, the particles will slide past each other. This sliding action that is characteristic of liquids and gases prevents one particle from displacing its neighbor in a direction perpendicular to the energy transport. It is for this reason that only longitudinal waves are observed moving through the bulk of liquids such as our oceans.

Mechanical Waves
A mechanical wave is a wave that is not capable of transmitting its energy through a vacuum. Propagates as an oscillation of matter, and therefore transfers energy through a medium.

No material is transported as a result of mechanical waves. Mechanical wave can be produced only in media which possess elasticity and inertia.

 Important property of mechanical waves is that their amplitudes possess an unusual form, displacement divided by reduced wavelength. When this gets comparable to unity, significant nonlinear effects such as harmonic generation may occur, and, if large enough, may result in chaotic effects. For example, waves on the surface of a body of water break when this dimensionless amplitude exceeds 1, resulting in a foam on the surface and turbulent mixing. Some of the most common examples of mechanical waves can be water waves, sound waves.

Examples
Examples of mechanical waves are transverse wave, longitudinal wave, surface wave.
Surface wave is a wave in which particles of the medium undergo a circular motion. Surface waves are neither longitudinal nor transverse. In longitudinal and transverse waves, all the particles in the entire bulk of the medium move in a parallel and a perpendicular direction (respectively) relative to the direction of energy transport. In a surface wave, it is only the particles at the surface of the medium that undergo the circular motion. The motion of particles tends to decrease as one proceeds further from the surface

Surface wave on pool water

Surface wave on sea currents

Electromagnetic Wave
An electromagnetic wave consists of two waves that are oscillations of the electric and magnetic fields. An electromagnetic wave travels in a direction that is at right angles to the oscillation direction of both fields. An electromagnetic wave is a wave that is capable of transmitting its energy through a vacuum. Electromagnetic waves are produced by the vibration of charged particles.

Examples
Typical examples of electromagnetic waves are visible light, radio waves, microwaves, ultra-violet rays etc.

Figure showing electromagnetic propagation

Mechanism of electromagnetic propagation

The energy transport through a medium involves the absorption and reemission of the wave energy by the atoms of the material. Electromagnetic wave impinges upon the atoms of a material, the energy of that wave is absorbed. Absorption of energy causes the electrons within the atoms to undergo vibrations. After a short period of vibrational motion, the vibrating electrons create a new electromagnetic wave with the same frequency as the first electromagnetic wave. While these vibrations occur for only a very short time, they delay the motion of the wave through the medium. Once the energy of the electromagnetic wave is reemitted by an atom, it travels through a small region of space between atoms.

 The actual speed of an electromagnetic wave through a material medium is dependent upon the optical density of that medium. Different materials cause a different amount of delay due to the absorption and reemission process.

Thank You