Fundamentals 2

The Duke logo is a trademark or registered trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the United States and other countries.
Java
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History of Java
1990
Group of engineers and programmers and Sun is created
James Gosling
Master programmer to create the Java Language
Partick Naughton
Designed the visual interfaces used to promote the Java environment
Sun names this team Green

History of Java
Green Team Application Consumer Electronics Single Controller Programming a household thermostat Coordinating a VCR and TV Cable TV switchboxes 1991 Behind the Green Door document Code had to be small and tight as the devices did not have a lot of power or memory Different CPUs , not to be tied down to a single architecture. Proposed a distributed, a network of totally dissimilar devices, using byte streams to communicate with the controller.
History of Java
Oak Language
Naughton developed visual representation interface for the new language
The user could open a cartoon TV Guide Select a movie Perform various operations on the VCR Gosling got the animation working in this new
language, which he called outside his office window.
Oak,
after tree
History of Java
1993
Green Team is incorporated as
FirstPerson, Inc. (subsidiary of Sun) Looking to license technology
Cellular phone Industrial automation systems Interactive television CD-ROMs Commercial online services
Each time the deal fell through
History of Java
WWW appeared on the Internet and transformed a text-based
Internet into graphical rich environment. Non Commercial Web Browser : Mosaic
Team developed a Web browser HotJava written completely

in Java. Browser capable of executing code inside Web pages.
The Java History Timeline

1991 The Green Project Begins
MS DOS is the dominant operating system 1992 Oak" is the language *7 Debuts "Duke" is featured in the Interface 1993 The Green Project becomes FirstPerson Mosaic v1.0 is released 1994 WebRunner released the first browser that supports moving objects and dynamic executable content Java technology released to a select group on the Web. Name changed from "Oak" to "Java Announced at Sun World -- Java technology is officially born 1996 The first JavaOne Developer Conference JDK 1.0 software is released
1995
The Java History Timeline

1997 Over 220,000 downloads of JDK 1.1 software occur in just three weeks JDK 1.1 release downloads top 2 million 1998
1999
Java 2 platform source code is released

J2EE beta software is released
2000
20002 2004
J2SE with SDK 1.3 was released

J2SE with SDK 1.4 was released Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition 5 (Project Tiger) is released Java technology celebrates its 10th birthday
2005
Approximately 4.5 million developers use Java technology Over 2.5 billion Java technology-enabled devices are available
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Purpose of Programming Languages
Source Code
Compiling/ Linking Executable Program

Traditional Compiling Compiling/ Linking

Microsoft Windows executable Program
Source Code
Windows Environment
Source Code
Sun Environment
Compiling/ Linking
SunOS Executable Program
Java Environment
javac classname.java
Java Source Code
Compiling
Java Bytecode
Programmers Computer
Users Computer Java Virtual Machine (Standalone or Browser)
java classname
Compilation and deployment in Java environment

SumOneToTen.java SumOneToTen.class
Java Source Code
Compiling
javac SumOneToTen.java
Java Bytecode
Programmers Computer
Users Computer Java Virtual Machine
(Standalone or Browser)
java SumOneToTen
JRE for Windows
Java Source Code (.java)
Java Compiler
Java Byte Code (.class)
JRE for Linux
JRE for Sun
The same .class file can execute on any platform, as long as the JRE is installed there
JRE for Mac
What is a Virtual Machine?

A virtual machine (VM) is an abstract computer architecture Software on top of a real hardware Can run the same application on different machines where the VM is available
The Java Virtual Machine

An abstract computing machine that executes bytecode programs
An instruction set and the meaning of those instructions the bytecodes A binary format the class file format An algorithm to verify the class file
The Java Virtual Machine

Runtime environment for Java Runs Java .class files Has to conform to Suns specification
Java Buzzwords
Simple Object Oriented
Interpreted
Portable Architecture neutral High Performance Robust
Secure
Multi-threaded Dynamic
Distributed
Simple
easy to learn and use effectively cleaned up version of syntax of C++ small construction of software that can run stand alone in small machines familiar language Programmers can migrate easily to Java platform
Object Oriented
True object oriented language almost everything is an object Program code + data reside within objects and classes extensive set of classes in packages
simple and easy to extend

Distributed
Routines for TCP/IP protocols like HTTP and FTP Open and access objects across network with URLs with ease Networking capabilities are strong and easy to use Servlets: server side processing is efficient RMI: communication between distributed objects
Robust
Emphasis on early checking for possible problems Also dynamic ( run-time) checking Concept of true arrays Eliminates the possibility of overwriting memory and corrupting data
Secure
Used in networked/distributed environments
Emphasis on security Construction of virus free and tamper free systems
Architecture neutral
Designed to support applications on networks Networks: variety of CPUs & OS Compiler generates an architecture neutral object file format : bytecode Compiled code is executable on many processors given the presence of Java run time system Java compiler does this by generating byte-code instructions.
Portable
No implementation-dependent aspects of
specification
Java program can be easily moved from one computer system to another Size of primitive data types are fixed Behavior of arithmetic on them is fixed
Interpreted
Can execute Java bytecodes on any machine to which the interpreter is ported.
High Performance
Performance of interpreted byte-codes is usually more than adequate.
Dynamic
More dynamic than C and C++ Designed to adopt to an evolving environment Libraries can add new methods and variables without any effect on their clients
Multithreaded
Handling multiple tasks Benefits: interactive responsiveness and real-time behavior
Features not present in Java

No structures and unions No enums (before J2SE 5.0) No typedefs , define , preprocessor No multiple inheritance No goto statement
No operator overloading
No automatic coercions No pointers
No template classes
No support for global variables No type modifiers like , auto , register , signed and unsigned visit extern www.muenggg.blogspot.com for
more study material.
Capabilities of Java
Client-Side Java: Applets AWT JFC (2D, Swing ,Acc..) Networking JavaBeans Server-Side Java: Servlets JSP JDBC Networking JavaBeans
Distributed Technologies RMI Java IDL (CORBA) JINI & JavaSpaces EJB
Major Components of the SUN JDK Environment

Compiler-javac Interpreter-java Appletviewer-appletviewer Documentation-javadoc
Typical Java Development Environment Phase 1 : Edit Phase 2 : compile Phase 3 : load Editor Disk
compiler
Class loader
Disk
Primary memory
Disk
Phase 4 : verify
Byte code verifier JVM

Primary memory
Primary memory
Phase 5 : execute
Typical Java Development Environment

phase edit compile load explanation Program is created in an editor and stored on disk in a file ending with .java Compiler creates bytecodes and stores them on the disk in a file ending with .class Class loader reads .class files containing bytecodes from the disk and puts those bytecodes in memory
verify execute
Bytecode verifier confirms that all bytecodes are valid and do not violate Javas security restrictions JVM reads the bytecodes and translates them into the language the computer can understand.
Class Loader Byte code verifier Java Class Libraries
Java Source (Java) Java Byte codes move locally or through network
Java Interpreter
Just-in-time compiler
Java Compiler
JVM
Runtime System
Java Byte codes (class)
Operating System
Hardware
Java Environment
Steps : Java program

Create a Java source file. A source file contains text, written in the Java programming language, that you and other programmers can understand. You can use any text editor to create and edit source files. Compile the source file into a bytecode file. The Java compiler, javac, takes your source file and translates its text into instructions that the Java Virtual Machine (Java VM) can understand. The compiler puts these instructions into a bytecode file. Run the program contained in the bytecode file. The Java VM is implemented by a Java interpreter, java. This interpreter takes your bytecode file and carries out the instructions by translating them into instructions that your computer can understand.
A Java program
A Java program
public class HelloWorldApp {
public static void main(String [ ] args) { System.out.println("Hello World!"); } }
A Java program
Java is case sensitive.
Name of the source file is HelloWorldApp.java

Same as class name that contains main( ) method. In Java the source file is officially a compilation unit. It is a text file that contains one or more class definitions. The Java compiler requires that the source file uses the .java filename extension.
A Java program
public class HelloWorldApp
Keyword public is an access modifier. Keyword class begins the class definition for a class named name. Everything in Java must reside inside the class. HelloWorldApp is a Java identifier that specifies the name of the class to be defined. Every class definition in Java begins with an opening brace ({ ) and ends with a matching closing brace ( })
A Java program
public static void main(String [ ] args)
Defines a method named main.
Starting point for the interpreter to begin execution of the program. A Java application can have any number of classes but only one of them must include a main method to initiate execution.
A Java program
public static void main(String args[ ] ) public: an access specifier that declares the main method as unprotected and therefore making it accessible to all other classes. static : declares this method as one that belongs to the entire class and not a part of any objects of the class. The main method must always be declared as static since the interpreter uses this method before any objects are created. void : main method does not return any value. Braces mark the beginning and end of the body of the method.
main as static?
When you execute the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) with the java command, the JVM attempts to invoke the main method of the class you specifywhen no objects of the class have been created. Declaring main as static allows the JVM to invoke main without creating an instance of the class.
A Java program
String args[ ] declares a parameter named args which is an array of objects of class String. This array is the mechanism through which the runtime system passes information to your application. Each string in the array is called a command-line argument. The println method is a member of out object which is a static data member of visit www.muenggg.blogspot.com for System class. more study material.
A Java program
Compiler Errors
Message : 'javac' is not recognized as an internal or external command, operable program or batch file.
Meaning :Windows cannot find the compiler (javac). Update the PATH variable
Syntax & Semantic Errors

mistype part of a program, the compiler may issue a syntax error.
The message usually displays the type of the error, the line number where the error was detected, the code on that line, and the position of the error within the code.
In addition to verifying that your program is syntactically correct, the compiler checks for other basic correctness. e.g. testing.java:13: Variable count may not have been initialized. count++
Runtime Errors
Message : Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: HelloWorldApp Meaning : java cannot find your bytecode file, HelloWorldApp.class. Set the CLASSPATH variable
Identifiers in Java
Names given to entities that a programmer can manipulate in the program. Three aspects Legal identifiers Suns Java code conventions Java Beans naming standard
Legal identifiers rules

Start with a letter, a currency character ($), or a connecting character such as the underscore ( _ ). Identifiers cannot start with a number. After the first character, identifiers can contain any combination of letters, currency characters, connecting characters, or numbers. In practice, there is no limit to the number of characters an identifier can contain. Cannot use a Java keyword as an identifier. Identifiers in Java are case-sensitive. Special characters not allowed
Suns Java code conventions

Classes and interfaces
The first letter should be capitalized, and if several words are linked together to form the name, the first letter of the inner words should be uppercase ( "camelCase"). For classes, the names should typically be nouns. For interfaces, the names should typically be adjectives .
Suns Java code conventions

Methods & Variables
The first letter should be lowercase, and then normal camelCase rules should be used.
Constants
Java constants are created by marking variables static and final. They should be named using uppercase letters with underscore characters as separators.
JavaBeans Standards
Source File Declaration Rules

Only one public class per source code file.
Comments can appear at the beginning or end of any line in the source code file
If there is a public class in a file, the name of the file must match the name of the public class. If the class is part of a package, the package statement must be the first line in the source code file, before any import statements that may be present.
Source File Declaration Rules

If there are import statements, they must go between the package statement (if there is one) and the class declaration. If there isn't a package statement, then the import statement(s) must be the first line(s) in the source code file. If there are no package or import statements, the class declaration must be the first line in the source code file. import and package statements apply to all classes within a source code file. A file can have more than one nonpublic class.
Data types
Strongly typed language Every variable must have a data type Eight primitive data types in Java Four integer types Two floating-point number types One character data type One Boolean (logical) data type.
Java Integer Types

Numbers without fractional parts Signed , positive & negative values Four integer types byte , short , int , long. Range of values depends on integer data types we choose.
Java Integer Types

Type Storage Range
int short
4 bytes 2 bytes
-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 (just over 2 billion) -32,768 to 32,767
long
byte
8 bytes
1 byte
- 9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807
-128 to 127
Java Integer Types

Range of integer types do not depend on the machine on which the Java code is run. Long integer numbers have a suffix L. Hexadecimal numbers have a prefix 0x Octal numbers have a prefix 0 Java does not have unsigned data types
Floating point types

denote numbers with fractional parts.
Type Storage Range Approx. 3.40282347E+38F (6 to 7 significant digits)
float
4 bytes
double
8 bytes
Approx. 1.79769313486231570E+308 (15 significant decimal digits)

Double has twice the precision as compared to float. Numbers of type float have a suffix F. e.g. 3.402F Floating point numbers without an suffix F are always considered to be of type double.

All floating point computations follow IEEE 754 specifications. Three special floating point values to denote overflows and errors positive infinity : Resulting of dividing a positive number by 0 Negative infinity NaN (not a number) : Computing 0/0 or a square root of a negative number is NaN
Character type
To store characters. contains a single, 16-bit Unicode character. A larger range is needed to represent characters found in languages other than English. Unicode characters are actually represented by unsigned 16-bit integers, which means 216 possible values, ranging from 0 visit www.muenggg.blogspot.com forto 65535
Boolean type
used for evaluating logical conditions. Two values : true and false Cannot convert between integers and boolean values.
Notes : Data types

All six number types in Java are made up of a
certain number of 8-bit bytes. Signed, meaning they can be negative or positive. Leftmost bit (MSB) is used to represent the sign, where a 1 means negative and 0 means positive. The rest of the bits represent the value, using two's complement notation.
Notes : Data types

byte
sign bit
0010011
value bits
short
111110100000011
Variables
A container to hold a value Basic unit of storage All variables must have a name , type and an optional initializer. All variables have a scope which defines their visibility & life time. Must be declared before use.
Variables
Syntax: type identifier [=value] [,identifier [=value ] . ]; Semicolon is necessary because declaration is a complete Java statement. a
Examples : Variables
int count ; float x , y; double salary; byte b ; char c1 , c2, c3 ; boolean done;
Initializing variables
Use assignment statement to give a value to a variable.
variable = value ;
x = 10 ; yes = x ; done = true ; total = 75.36
Initializing variables
Declare and initialize the variable on the same line. type variable = value ; int m = 5 , n = 10; int days = 12 ; char yes = x double total = 75.30;
Dynamic initialization
public class DynInit { public static void main(String [] args) { double a = 3.0 , b= 4.0; double c = Math.sqrt(a * a + b * b); System.out.println(Hypotenuse is + c); } }
Scope of variables
Part of the program from where the variable is accessible is called the scope. 3 kinds instance variables class variables local variables
Instance variables
Defined inside the class, but outside of any method. Only initialized when the class is instantiated. Instance variables are the fields that belong to each unique object. Have a default value depending on data type.
Example : Instance variables

class Employee
{
private String name;

private String title;
private String manager;

}
Example : Instance variables

Each employee instance will know its own name, title, and manager.
Each instance can have its own unique values for three fields.
Instance variables
Can use any of the four access levels Can be marked final Can be marked transient Cannot be marked abstract Cannot be marked synchronized Cannot be marked strictfp Cannot be marked native Cannot be marked static, because then they'd become class variables.
Local variables
Variables declared and used within a method. A local variable starts its life inside the method, it's also destroyed when the method has completed. Before a local variable can be used, it must be initialized with a value.
Local variables
Can also be declared inside program blocks between { and } braces.
Scope from beginning of the block to the end of the block.
Example : Local variables

class TestServer { public void logIn() { int count = 10; } } Key : local variables must be initialized before you use it. visit www.muenggg.blogspot.com for
Example : Local variables

class TestServer { public void logIn() { int count = 10; } public void doSomething(int i) { count = i; } } Will not compile as count cannot be accessed outside method login( )
Shadowing
class TestServer { int count = 9; // Declare an instance variable named count public void logIn() { int count = 10; // Declare a local variable named count System.out.println("local variable count is " + count); } public void count() { System.out.println("instance variable count is " + count); } public static void main(String[] args) { new TestServer().logIn(); new TestServer().count(); } visit www.muenggg.blogspot.com for }
Variable scope class Layout { static int s = 340; // static variable int x ; // instance variable { x = 5 ; int x2 = 10; } Layout() { x +=8 ; int x3 = 6; } void dostuff() { int y = 0 ; for (int z = 0 ; z < 4 ; z++) { y += z + x; } } visit www.muenggg.blogspot.com for more study material. }
Variable scope
variable s x x2 x3 y type Static variable Instance variable Block variable Constructor variable , local variable Local variable
Block variable
Literals
Source code representation of a fixed value e.g. 'b' 42 false 2546789.343
// char literal // int literal // boolean literal // double literal
Integer Literal
Three ways to represent integer numbers in the Java language: decimal (base 10) octal (base 8) hexadecimal (base 16) Octal Literals Octal integers use only the digits 0 to 7. An integer in octal form is represented by placing a zero in front of the number. visit www.muenggg.blogspot.com for
Integer Literal
Hexadecimal Literals are constructed using 16 distinct symbols.
An integer in Hex. form is represented by placing a 0x in front of the number. 0XCAFE and 0xcafe are both legal and have the same value.
Integer Literal
All three integer literals are defined as int by default.
Can be specified as long by placing a suffix of L or l after the number. long a = 110500L long b = 0xFFFFl
Floating point literal

Defined as a number, a decimal symbol, and more numbers representing the fraction. e.g. double d = 11301878.1234567; double (64 bits) by default.
To assign a floating-point literal to a variable of type float (32 bits), you must attach the suffix F or f to the number. visit www.muenggg.blogspot.com for
Floating point literal

e.g.
float f = 23.467890; //Compiler error , possible loss of precision.
float f = 23.467890f;
Boolean Literals
Source code representation for boolean values. Defined as true or false. e.g. boolean t = true ; boolean f = 0 ; //Compiler error
Character Literals
Represented by single character in single quotes. e.g. char a = a ; char b = ? char c = 890 ; char d = 1500
Constants
Use the keyword final to denote a constant. assign to a variable once and then its value is set once and for all. public class Constants { public static void main(String [] args) { final double CM_PER_INCH = 2.54; double w = 8.5 , h = 11.0; System.out.println(Paper size in cms : + w * CM_PER_INCH + by +h * CM_PER_INCH); } }
Constants
constant that is made available to multiple methods inside a single class. Referred to as class constant set up a class constant with keywords static and final Declared outside of methods.
Constants
public class Constants2 { public static void main(String [] args) { double w = 8.5 , h = 11.0; System.out.println(Paper size in cms : + w * CM_PER_INCH + by +h * CM_PER_INCH); } public static final double CM_PER_INCH = 2.54; }

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The Duke logo is a trademark or registered trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the United States and other countries.

visit www.muenggg.blogspot.com for more study material.

Sun names this team Green

Each time the deal fell through

Team developed a Web browser HotJava written completely

visit www.muenggg.blogspot.com for more study material.

The Java History Timeline

The Java History Timeline

Java 2 platform source code is released

J2SE with SDK 1.3 was released

Purpose of Programming Languages

Compiling/ Linking Executable Program

Traditional Compiling Compiling/ Linking

SunOS Executable Program

visit www.muenggg.blogspot.com for more study material.

Java Source Code

Compilation and deployment in Java environment

Java Source Code

JRE for Windows

Java Source Code (.java)

Java Byte Code (.class)

JRE for Linux

JRE for Sun

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What is a Virtual Machine?

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The Java Virtual Machine

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The Java Virtual Machine

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visit www.muenggg.blogspot.com for more study material.

simple and easy to extend

visit www.muenggg.blogspot.com for more study material.

visit www.muenggg.blogspot.com for more study material.

visit www.muenggg.blogspot.com for more study material.

visit www.muenggg.blogspot.com for more study material.

visit www.muenggg.blogspot.com for more study material.

visit www.muenggg.blogspot.com for more study material.

Features not present in Java

Major Components of the SUN JDK Environment

Byte code verifier JVM

Typical Java Development Environment

visit www.muenggg.blogspot.com for more study material.

Class Loader Byte code verifier Java Class Libraries

Java Byte codes (class)

visit www.muenggg.blogspot.com for more study material.

Steps : Java program

visit www.muenggg.blogspot.com for more study material.

Name of the source file is HelloWorldApp.java

visit www.muenggg.blogspot.com for more study material.

Syntax & Semantic Errors

visit www.muenggg.blogspot.com for more study material.

Legal identifiers rules

Suns Java code conventions

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Suns Java code conventions

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visit www.muenggg.blogspot.com for more study material.

Source File Declaration Rules

Source File Declaration Rules

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Java Integer Types

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Java Integer Types