Chapter 3 Water and the Fitness of the Environment

Outline - Water
Polarity of water
Hydrogen bonding Properties of water Temperature moderation by water Solvent of life

Dissociation of Water
Changes in pH

Water - Polarity
Water simple! common! but e"ceptional H#$ two Hydrogen and one $"ygen

covers %&' of earth(s surface

Water - Polarity
Polar bonds between $ and two H atoms
$"ygen is more electronegative

in water!
$ is ) *slightly negative charge+

H are ), *slightly positive charge+

-ig. #./0 Polar covalent bonds in a water molecule

The two ends of the molecule have opposite charges
Partial negative

H H2O

+ Partial positive

Partial positive

Hydrogen onds
Partial charges on atoms in water allow bonds to form between molecules
Hydrogen !onding

results when H from one molecule is attracted to $ of a different molecule partial positive attracted to partial negative

Water Polarity

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Fig( 3(2 Hydrogen !onds !et*een *ater mole'ules

+ Hydrogen !ond

))

))

Fig( 2(+, " hydrogen !ond !et*een *ater and ammonia

Water -H2O. +

+ Hydrogen !ond

"mmonia -/H3. + + +

Water - Polarity
Hydrogen onding between water molecules gives water its special properties Cohesion "dhesion &urfa'e 0ension 0emperature 1oderation

Water Properties - Cohesion

Cohesion 1inding together of li2e molecules by H bonds High in water H bonds constantly brea2ing and reforming 3ost water molecules are bonded to neighboring molecules at any instant Contributes to water transport in plants

Water Properties - "dhesion

"dhesion
Clinging of one substance to another! for e"ample! between water and plant cell walls 4lso involves H bonds 4lso contributes to water transport in plants Water adheres to molecules of the walls of the "ylem vessels in plant stems *trun2s+ helps counter the effects of gravity

Fig( 3(3 Water 0ransport in plants

"dhesion

Water-'ondu'ting 'ells

4ire'tion of *ater movement

Cohesion +2$ 3m

Water Properties

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Water Properties - &urfa'e 0ension

&urfa'e 0ension
3easure of how difficult it is to stretch or brea2 the surfa'e of a li5uid Higher in water than other li5uids $rdered arrangement of water molecules at air water interface

-ig 0.6 Wal2ing on Water

Water
Polarity of water
Hydrogen bonding Properties of water 0emperature moderation !y *ater Solvent of life

Dissociation of Water
Changes in pH

Water - 0emperature 1oderation

Heat is the measure of the total amount of 2inetic energy *energy of motion+ in a body of matter 0emperature is a measure of the intensity of heat due to the average 2inetic energy of the molecules How does water moderate temperature7

Water - 0emperature 1oderation

Water can absorb a lot of heat with only a small change in temperature
has a high &pe'ifi' Heat

Water - &pe'ifi' Heat

4mount of heat that must be absorbed or

lost for /g of that substance to change temperature by /8C -or water / calorie of heat raises / gram /8C -or ethanol 9.: calorie of heat raises / gram /8C -or iron 9./ calorie of heat raises / gram /8C

Water - &pe'ifi' Heat

Water(s high specific heat
4llows it to minimi;e temperature fluctuations to within limits that permit life Due to hydrogen bonding of molecules Heat is absorbed when hydrogen bonds brea2 Heat is released when hydrogen bonds form

Water - &pe'ifi' Heat

Significance
4 large body of water can absorb a large amount of heat from the sun in daytime and during the summer! while warming only a few degrees 4t night and during the winter! the warm water will warm cooler air Stabili;es temperatures

Water - 0emperature 1oderation

<i5uids absorb heat as they evaporate -or water &=9 cal for each gram evaporated high compared with other li5uids

Heat of vapori5ation
4mount of heat a li5uid must absorb for /g to be converted from li5uid to gaseous state

Water - Heat of 6apori5ation

Water(s high heat of vapori;ation
due to H bonding results in >evaporative 'ooling? Hottest molecules evaporate! cooler molecules remain behind Cools oceans in tropics @vaporation of sweat cools body

Fig 3(, Hydrogen !onds in i'e

4re more >ordered? than in li5uid water! ma2ing ice less dense Ansulates the water it floats on

:'e Hydrogen !onds are sta!le

Hydrogen !ond

7i8uid *ater Hydrogen !onds !rea9 and re-form

Water Properties
Polarity of water
Hydrogen bonding Cohesion of water molecules Temperature moderation by water &olvent of life

Dissociation of Water
Changes in pH

Water - &olvent of 7ife

Solution
<i5uid that is a completely homogeneous mi"ture of two or more substances BBB @"ampleC Sugar in water BBB

Water - &olvent of 7ife

&olvent &olute *sugar+ dissolving agent *water+ substance that is dissolved

"8ueous solution water is the solvent

Water - &olvent of 7ife

What happens when a solute dissolves in a solvent7

Partial negative *$+ and positive *H+ charges on water molecule have affinity for positive and negative parts of solute

-ig 0.: 4 crystal of table salt dissolving in water

Pos. charged Da, ions
cling to partial neg. charged $ atoms of water molecules
Da,

Deg. charged Cl ions

cling to partial pos. charged H atoms of water molecules

Cl

Hydration shell
sphere of water molecules surrounding each dissolved ion

Water - &olvent of 7ife

$ther compounds besides ionic ones can also be solubili;ed 3ost will have regions that are polar Partial pos. and neg. regions *li2e water+ 3ay have some ionic regions! too Proteins! DD4! etc

Water - &olvent of 7ife

Two categories of substancesC Hydrophili' *water loving+ compound with an affinity for water polar or ionic compounds can form H bonds with water Hydropho!i' *water fearing+ compounds which lac2 an affinity for water non polar compounds lipids of the cell membrane no H bonding with water

Fig( 3(; " *ater-solu!le protein

Polar and ioni' groups on the e"terior of the protein and interact with water Hydropho!i' groups are in the interior of the protein *protected from water molecules+

-a. 7yso5yme mole'ule in a nona8ueous environment

-!. 7yso5yme mole'ule -purple. in an a8ueous environment

-'. :oni' and polar regions on the protein<s surfa'e attra't *ater mole'ules(

Water - &olvent of 7ife

Solutes are dissolved in solvent *water+

How are 'on'entrations of solutes calculated7

Water - &olute Con'entrations

Can(t weigh individual molecules

Ese units termed moles

&olute Con'entration - 1oles

3ole *mol+
the mole'ular *eight of a substance! but in grams

Water H#$

#*/+ , /: F /=! so /= gGmol

sucrose C/#H##$// F 06# gGmol /#*/#+ , ##*/+ , //*/:+ F 06# gGmol

&olute Con'entration - 1oles

4madeo 4vogadro

3ole *mol+
Dumber of molecules in a mole is constant
:.9## " /9#0 molecules G mol

4vogadro(s number

http://onsager.bd.psu.edu/~jircitano/avogadro.html

&olute Con'entration - 1oles

3ole
:.9## " /9#0 molecules G mol

Substance 4 1

3ol. Wt. /9 gGmol /99 gGmol

4mt /9g /99g 6:g

H molecules :.9## " /9#0 :.9## " /9#0 :.9## "

ethyl alcohol 6: gGmol /9#0

Water - &olute Con'entration

How are concentrations of solutes calculated7 Ese 1olarity 3 F number of moles of solute liter of solution

Solutions of the same molarity will have e5uivalent numbers of molecules *atoms! ions! etc.+

Water Properties
Polarity of water
Hydrogen bonding Cohesion of water molecules Temperature moderation by water Solvent of life

4isso'iation of Water
Changes in pH

4isso'iation of Water
Hydrogen atom shared between two water molecules may shift from one molecule to the other
Hydrogen bond
H O H H O H H O H H O H

2H2O

Hydronium ion -H3O+.

Hydro=ide ion -OH.

4isso'iation of Water
Can simplify previous e5uation toC

H2$

H+ , $H
Hydrogen ion Hydro"ide ion

4isso'iation of Water

H2$

H+ , $H
Hydrogen ion Hydro"ide ion

Ieversible reaction An e5uilibrium! but mostly H#$ JH,K and J$H K F /9 % 3

"'ids and ases > pH

An pure H#$! JH,K and J$H K F /9 % 3

How can an imbalance of JH,K and J$H K occur7

"'ids and ases > pH

How can an imbalance of JH,K and J$H K occur7

"'id
substance that in'reases the H, concentration in solution

ase
substance that redu'es the H, concentration in solution

"'ids and ases > pH

"'id
Hydrochloric acid in water

HCl
ase

H, , Cl

Sodium Hydro"ide in water

Da$H

Da, , $H

"'ids and ases > pH

ase
Sodium Hydro"ide in water

Da$H

Da, , $H

$H combines with H, to form water! thus lowering J H, K

"'ids and ases > pH

Wea9 "'ids and ases

Ieversibly release and accept H,

DH0 , H,

DH6,

H#C$0

HC$0 , H,

"'ids and ases > pH

Product of JH,K and J$H K F /9 /6 3# Holds true for any solution J/9 % 3K J/9 % 3K F /9 /6 3# for pure water

Af JH,K increases! J$H K decreases /9 % /9 & /9 % /9 L F F /9 /6 /9 /6

"'ids and ases > pH

JH,K can vary greatly
by a factor of /99 trillion */9/6+

pH s'ale used to e"press more conveniently

"'ids and ases > pH

pH s'ale
ranges from 9 to /6 pH F log JH,K -or neutral solutionC

pH F log J/9 %K F * %+ F %

"'ids and ases > pH

4cidic solution 1asic solution pH M % pH N %

@ach pH unit represents a /9 fold difference in JH,K

-ig. 0.L The pH scale and values of some a5ueous solutions

pH &'ale $ +

attery a'id

H+

H+

+ H H+ OH OH H+ H+ H+ H+

:n'reasingly "'idi' ?H+@ B ?OH@

Fastri' Gui'eH 2 lemon Gui'e 3 6inegarH !eerH *ineH 'ola D 0omato Gui'e 2 la'9 'offee

"'idi' solution

Iain*ater , Jrine
OH
+

OH
+

H H OH OH + H+ H+ H

OH

/eutral ?H+@ A ?OH@

&aliva E Pure *ater Human !loodH tears ; &ea*ater K +$ 1il9 of magnesia ++ Household ammonia +2 Household +3 !lea'h Oven 'leaner +D

/eutral solution
:n'reasingly asi' ?H+@ C ?OH@

OH OH

OH

H+ OH OH OH OH + H

asi' solution

-ig. 0.L The pH scale and values of some a5ueous solutions

pH &'ale $ +

attery a'id

H+

H+

+ H H+ OH OH H+ H+ H+ H+

:n'reasingly "'idi' ?H+@ B ?OH@

Fastri' Gui'eH 2 lemon Gui'e 3 6inegarH !eerH *ineH 'ola D 0omato Gui'e 2 la'9 'offee

"'idi' solution

Iain*ater , Jrine
OH
+

OH
+

:n'reasingly asi' ?H+@ C ?OH@

Oalues for pH decline as JH,K increase Oalues for pH increase as JH,K decreases

H H OH OH + H+ H+ H

OH

/eutral ?H+@ A ?OH@

&aliva E Pure *ater Human !loodH tears ; &ea*ater K +$ 1il9 of magnesia ++ Household ammonia +2 Household +3 !lea'h Oven 'leaner +D

/eutral solution

OH OH

OH

H+ OH OH OH OH + H

asi' solution

pH > uffers
How can pH changes be minimi;ed7

uffers Substances that minimi;e changes in JH,K in solution Present in all biological fluids Human blood is maintained at pH %.6

pH > uffers
How do buffers wor27
accept H, ions from the solution when in e"cess donate H, ions to the solution when depleted

pH > uffers
1icarbonate buffer How it wor2sP. Iesponse to a rise in pH blood buffer

H#C$0
H, donor *acid+

Iesponse to a drop in pH

HC$0
H, acceptor *base+

, H,
Hydrogen ion

pH > uffers
uffers

minimi;e changes in JH,K

Consist of an acidGbase pair to control JH,K

H#C$0 G HC$0
carbonic acid *acid+ bicarbonate ion *base+