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SUYASH AGARWAL
XI - B
Trigonometry
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The sine, cosine and tangent of any angle
The graphs of sin , cos and tan
Exact values of trigonometric functions
Trigonometric equations
Trigonometric identities
Examination-style questions
The sine, cosine and tangent of any angle

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A D J A C E N T
The three trigonometric ratios
Sin =
Opposite
Hypotenuse
S O H
Cos =
Adjacent
Hypotenuse
C A H
Tan =
Opposite
Adjacent
T O A
Remember: S O H C A H T O A
The three trigonometric ratios, sine, cosine and tangent, can
be defined using the ratios of the sides of a right-angled
triangle as follows:
x
y
O
P(x, y)
r
The sine, cosine and tangent of any angle
These definitions are limited because a right-angled triangle
cannot contain any angles greater than 90.
To extend the three trigonometric ratios to include angles
greater than 90 and less than 0 we consider the rotation of a
straight line OP of fixed length r about the origin O of a
coordinate grid.
Angles are then measured
anticlockwise from the
positive x-axis.
For any angle there is an
associated acute angle
between the line OP and
the x-axis.


The sine, cosine and tangent of any angle
The three trigonometric ratios are then given by:
sin =
y
r
u
cos =
x
r
u
tan =
y
x
u
The x and y coordinates can be positive or negative, while r is
always positive.
This means that the sign of the required ratio will depend on
the sign of the x-coordinate and the y-coordinate of the point P.
The sine, cosine and tangent of any angle
The relationship between measured from the positive x-axis
and the associated acute angle depends on the quadrant
that falls into.
If we take r to be 1 unit long then these ratios can be written
as:
sin = =
1
y
y u
cos = =
1
x
x u
tan =
y
x
u
sin
tan =
cos
u
u
u
For example, if is between 90 and 180 it will fall into the
second quadrant and will be equal to (180 ).
The sine of any angle
If the point P is taken to revolve about a unit circle then sin is
given by the y-coordinate of the point P.
The cosine of any angle
If the point P is taken to revolve about a unit circle then cos
is given by the x-coordinate of the point P.
The tangent of any angle
Tan is given by the y-coordinate of the point P divided by the
x-coordinate.
The tangent of any angle
Tan can also be given by the length of tangent from the point
P to the x-axis.
3
rd
quadrant
2
nd
quadrant 1
st
quadrant
4
th
quadrant
Tangent is positive T
Sine is positive S All are positive A
Remember CAST
We can use CAST to remember in which quadrant each of
the three ratios are positive.
Cosine is positive C
The sine, cosine and tangent of any angle
The sin, cos and tan of angles in the first quadrant are positive.
In the second quadrant:
sin = sin
cos = cos
tan = tan
In the third quadrant:
sin = sin
cos = cos
tan = tan
In the fourth quadrant:
sin = sin
cos = cos
tan = tan
where is the
associated
acute angle.
The sine, cosine and tangent of any angle
The value of the associated acute angle can be found using
a sketch of the four quadrants.
For angles between 0 and 360 it is worth remembering that:
when 0 < < 90, =
when 90 < < 180, = 180
when 180 < < 270, = 180
when 270 < < 360, = 360
For example, if = 230 we have:
230 is in the third quadrant where only tan is positive and so:
= 230 180 = 50
sin 230 = sin 50
cos 230 = cos 50
tan 230 = tan 50
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The sine, cosine and tangent of any angle
The graphs of sin , cos and tan
Exact values of trigonometric functions
Trigonometric equations
Trigonometric identities
Examination-style questions
The graphs of sin , cos and tan
The graph of y = sin
The graph of y = sin
The graph of sine is said to be periodic since it repeats itself
every 360.
We can say that the period of the graph y = sin is 360.
Other important features of the graph y = sin include the
fact that:
It passes through the origin, since sin 0 = 0.
The maximum value is 1 and the minimum value is 1.
Therefore, the amplitude of y = sin is 1.
It has rotational symmetry about the origin. In other words, it
is an odd function and so sin () = sin .
The graph of y = cos
The graph of y = cos
Like the graph of y = sin the graph of y = cos is periodic
since it repeats itself every 360.
We can say that the period of the graph y = cos is 360.
Other important features of the graph y = cos include the
fact that:
It passes through the point (0, 1), since cos 0 = 1.
The maximum value is 1 and the minimum value is 1.
Therefore, the amplitude of y = cos is 1.
It is symmetrical about the y-axis. In other words, it is an
even function and so cos () = cos .
It the same as the graph of y = sin translated left 90. In
other words, cos = sin (90 ).
The graph of y = tan
The graph of y = tan
You have seen that the graph of y = tan has a different
shape to the graphs of y = sin and y = cos .
Important features of the graph y = tan include the fact that:
It passes through the point (0, 0), since tan 0 = 0.
It is symmetrical about the origin. In other words, it is an odd
function and so tan () = tan .
It is periodic with a period of 180.
tan is not defined for = 90, 270, 450, that is, for
odd multiples of 90. The graph y = tan therefore contains
asymptotes at these points.
Its amplitude is not defined, since it ranges from + to .
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Boardworks Ltd 2005 21 of 47
The sine, cosine and tangent of any angle
The graphs of sin , cos and tan
Exact values of trigonometric functions
Trigonometric equations
Trigonometric identities
Examination-style questions
Exact values of trigonometric functions
Sin, cos and tan of 45
A right-angled isosceles triangle has two acute angels of 45.
45
45
Suppose the equal sides are of
unit length.
1
1
Using Pythagoras theorem:
We can use this triangle to write exact values for sin, cos and
tan 45:
cos 45 = tan 45 = 1
2
= 2
The hypotenuse
= +
2 2
1 1
1
2
sin 45 =
1
2
2 2
2
60
60
60
2
60
30
1
3
Sin, cos and tan of 30
Suppose we have an equilateral triangle of side length 2.
We can use this triangle to write exact values for sin, cos and
tan 30:
If we cut the triangle in half then we have
a right-angled triangle with acute angles
of 30 and 60.
Using Pythagoras theorem:
The height of the triangle
=
2 2
2 1
= 3
sin 30 =
1
2
cos 30 =
3
2
tan 30 =
1
3
Sin, cos and tan of 60
Suppose we have an equilateral triangle of side length 2.
We can also use this triangle to write exact values for sin, cos
and tan 60:
= 3
sin 60 =
3
2
cos 60 =
1
2
tan 60 =
3
2 2
2
60
60
60
2
60
30
1
3
If we cut the triangle in half then we have
a right-angled triangle with acute angles
of 30 and 60.
Using Pythagoras theorem:
The height of the triangle
=
2 2
2 1
Sin, cos and tan of 30, 45 and 60
The exact values of the sine, cosine and tangent of 30, 45
and 60 can be summarized as follows:
30
sin
cos
tan
45 60
Use this table to write the exact value of cos 135
cos 135 = cos 45 =
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
3
1
2
3
2
3
2
3 1
1
2
Sin, cos and tan of 30, 45 and 60
Write the following ratios exactly:
1) cos 300 =
3) tan 240 =
5) cos 30 =
7) sin 210 =
2) tan 315 =
4) sin 330 =
6) tan 135 =
8) cos 315 =
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
2
1
2
3
-1
1
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Boardworks Ltd 2005 27 of 47
The sine, cosine and tangent of any angle
The graphs of sin , cos and tan
Exact values of trigonometric functions
Trigonometric equations
Trigonometric identities
Examination-style questions
Trigonometric equations
Equations of the form sin = k
Equations of the form sin = k, where 1 k 1, have an
infinite number of solutions.
If we use a calculator to find arcsin k (or sin
1
k) the calculator
will give a value for between 90 and 90.
This is called the principal solution of sin = k.
Other solutions in a given range can be found using the
graph of y = sin or by considering the unit circle.
For example:
There is one and only one solution is this range.
Solve sin = 0.7 for 360 < < 360
arcsin 0.7 = 44.4 (to 1 d.p.)
44.4
y = 0.7
y = sin
Equations of the form sin = k
Using the graph of y = sin between 360 and 360 and the
line y = 0.7 we can locate the other solutions in this range.
So the solutions to sin = 0.7 for 360 < < 360 are:
= 315.6, 224.4, 44.4, 135.6 (to 1 d.p)
135.6 224.4 315.6
Equations of the form sin = k
44.4
Equations of the form sin = k
We could also solve sin = 0.7 for 360 < < 360 by
considering angles in the first and second quadrants of a unit
circle where the sine ratio is positive.
Start by sketching the principal solution 44.4 in the first
quadrant.
Next, sketch the associated acute
angle in the second quadrant.
135.6
224.4 315.6
Moving anticlockwise from the
x-axis gives the second solution:
Moving clockwise from the
x-axis gives the third and fourth
solutions:
180 44.4 = 135.6
(180 + 44.4) = 224.4
(360 44.4) = 315.6
Equations of the form cos = k and tan = k
Equations of the form cos = k, where 1 k 1, and
tan = k, where k is any real number, also have infinitely
many solutions. For example:
Solve tan = 1.5 for 360 < < 360
Using a calculator, the principal solution is = 56.3 (to 1 d.p.)
56.3
236.3
123.7
303.7
Now look at angles in the second and
fourth quadrants of a unit circle where
the tangent ratio is negative.
This gives us four solutions in the
range 360 < < 360:
= 236.3, 56.3, 123.7, 303.7
Equations of the form cos = k
Equations of the form tan = k
Equations involving multiple or compound angles
Multiples angles are angles of the form a where a is a given
constant.
Compound angles are angles of the form ( + b) where b is a
given constant.
When solving trigonometric equations involving these types of
angles, care should be taken to avoid losing solutions.
Solve cos 2 = 0.4 for 180 < < 180
Start by changing the range to match the multiple angle:
Next, let x = 2 and solve the equation cos x = 0.4 in the range
360 x 360.
180 < < 180
360 < 2 < 360
Equations involving multiple or compound angles
Now, using a calculator: x = 66.4 (to 1 d.p.)
Using the unit circle to find the values
of x in the range 360 x 360
gives:
66.4
293.6
66.4
293.6
x = 66.4,
But x = 2 so:
= 33.2, 146.8, 33.2, 146.8
This is the complete solution set in the range 180 < < 180.
293.6, 66.4, 293.6
Equations involving multiple or compound angles
Solve tan( + 25)= 0.8 for 0 < < 360
Start by changing the range to match the compound angle:
Next, let x = + 25 and solve the equation tan x = 0.8 in the
range 25 < x < 385.
0 < < 360
25 < + 25 < 385
Using the unit circle to find the values
of x in the range 25 x 385 gives:
x = 38.7, 218.7 (to 1 d.p.)
But x = + 25 so:
= 13.7, 193.7.7 (to 1 d.p.)
Using a calculator: x = 38.7 (to 1 d.p.)
38.7
218.7
Trigonometric equations involving powers
Sometimes trigonometric equations involve powers of sin ,
cos and tan . For example:
Notice that (sin )
2
is usually written as sin
2
.
Solve 4sin
2
1= 0 for 180 180
2
4sin 1= 0 u
2
4sin =1 u
2
1
4
sin = u
1
2
sin = u
1
2
When sin = ,
1
2
When sin = ,
= 30, 150
= 30, 150
So the full solution set is = 150, 30, 30, 150
Trigonometric equations involving powers
Treat this as a quadratic equation in cos .
Solve 3cos
2
cos = 2 for 0 360
When cos = 1, = 0, 360
= 131.8, 22.8.2
So the full solution set is = 0, 131.8, 228.2, 360
3cos
2
cos = 2
3cos
2
cos 2 = 0
Factorizing:
(cos 1)(3cos + 2) = 0
cos = 1 or cos =
2
3
When cos = ,
2
3
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Boardworks Ltd 2005 40 of 47
The sine, cosine and tangent of any angle
The graphs of sin , cos and tan
Exact values of trigonometric functions
Trigonometric equations
Trigonometric identities
Examination-style questions
Trigonometric identities
Trigonometric identities
Two important identities that must be learnt are:
sin
tan (cos 0)
cos
u
u u
u
=
sin
2
+ cos
2
1
An identity, unlike an equation, is true for every value of the
given variable so, for example:
The symbol means is identically equal to although an
equals sign can also be used.
sin
2
4 + cos
2
4 1, sin
2
67 + cos
2
67 1, sin
2
+ cos
2
1, etc.
Trigonometric identities
We can prove these identities by considering a right-angled
triangle:
x
y
r

y
r
u sin =
x
r
u and cos =
sin
=
cos
u
u

y
r
x
r
=
y
x
= tan as required. u
Also:
y x
r r
u u
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
2 2
2 2
sin +cos = +
2 2
2
+
=
x y
r
But by Pythagoras theorem x
2
+ y
2
= r
2
so:
2
2 2
2
sin +cos = =1 as required.
r
r
u u
71.6
Trigonometric identities
One use of these identities is to simplify trigonometric
equations. For example:
Solve sin = 3 cos for 0 360
Dividing through by cos :
sin 3cos
=
cos cos
u u
u u
tan =3 u
Using a calculator, the principal solution is = 71.6 (to 1 d.p.)
251.6
So the solutions in the given range are:
= 71.6, 251.6 (to 1 d.p.)
Trigonometric identities
Solve 2cos
2
sin = 1 for 0 360
We can use the identity cos
2
+ sin
2
= 1 to rewrite this
equation in terms of sin .
2(1 sin
2
) sin = 1
2 2sin
2
sin = 1
2sin
2
+ sin 1 = 0
(2sin 1)(sin + 1) = 0
So: sin = 0.5 or sin = 1
If sin = 0.5, = 30, 150
If sin = 1, = 270
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The sine, cosine and tangent of any angle
The graphs of sin , cos and tan
Exact values of trigonometric functions
Trigonometric equations
Trigonometric identities
Examination-style questions
Examination-style questions
Examination-style question
Solve the equation
3 sin + tan = 0
for for 0 360
Rewriting the equation using
sin
tan :
cos
u
u
u

sin
3sin + = 0
cos
u
u
u
3sin cos +sin =0 u u u
sin (3cos +1) = 0 u u
So sin = 0 or 3 cos + 1 = 0
3 cos = 1
cos =
1
3
Examination-style question
In the range 0 360,
when sin = 0, = 0, 180, 360.
1
3
when cos = :
cos
1
= 109.5 (to 1 d.p.)
1
3
cos is negative in the 2
nd
and 3
rd
quadrants so the second
solution in the range is:
250.5
109.5
= 250 .5 (to 1 d.p.)
So the complete solution set is:
= 0, 180, 360, 109.5, 250 .5