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Note: ADSL is an asymmetric communication technology designed for residential users; it is not suitable for businesses.
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Note: The existing local loops can handle bandwidths up to 1.1 MHz.
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Note: ADSL is an adaptive technology. The system uses a data rate based on the condition of the local loop line.
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Figure 9.1
DMT
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Figure 9.2
Bandwidth division
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Figure 9.3
ADSL modem
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Figure 9.4
DSLAM
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9.2 Cable Modem Traditional Cable Networks HFC Network Sharing CM and CMTS DOCSIS
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Figure 9.6
HFC network
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Figure 9.7
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Note: Downstream data are modulated using the 64-QAM modulation technique.
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Note: Upstream data are modulated using the QPSK modulation technique.
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Figure 9.8
Cable modem
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Figure 9.9
CMTS
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9.3 SONET
SONET Devices SONET Frame Frame Transmission Synchronous Transport Signals STS-1 Virtual Tributaries Higher-Rate Service
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Figure 9.10
A SONET
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STS-12
STS-18
OC-12
OC-18
622.08
933.12
601.344
902.016
594.432
891.648
STS-24
STS-36 STS-48 STS-192
OC-24
OC-36 OC-48 OC-192
1244.16
1866.23 2488.32 9953.28
1202.688
1804.032 2405.376 9621.604
1188.864
1783.296 2377.728 9510.912
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Figure 9.12
Data rate
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Figure 9.13
VT types
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Figure 9.14
STS multiplexing
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