At the end of lecture of week 13 student will Be able to define the definition of risk Be able to identify the purpose

se of risk assessment Be able to calculate and interpret the stage of risk assessment

Introduction Purpose of risk assessment Stages of risk assessment

Hazard Identification Exposure Assessment Toxicity Assessment

Risk Characterization

 Definition

The probability of suffering harm or loss. Is a tool for understanding the health

of RISK:

Risk = (probability) x (severity of consequence) The term quantitative to describe the process

and environment hazards associated with hazardous waste and can greatly improve the basis on which to make hazardous waste management decisions.
of using scientific principles to calculate quantitative estimates of risk.

Provide information to decision makers as to the consequences of possible actions. Play major role in the decision making for the remediation of contaminated sites. To quantify potential human health and ecological risks stemming from toxic contaminants that may transported to potential receptor populations.

Hazard Identification

Exposure Assessment

Toxicity Assessment

Risk Characterization

Examine the data all contaminants detected at site and consolidates the data to stress the chemical concern. Normally involve clear understanding on:

What chemicals are present at a site Their concentration and spatial distribution

How they could move in the environment

from the site to potential receptor points.

Initial Screening
To calculate the ranking of toxicity scores

indicate which compounds pose the greatest hazard based solely on their maximum concentration and toxicity.

Further Screening of Chemicals

Further evaluation to consider for each

chemical its ranges of concentration, its mobility in the environment and other issues.

Further Screening of Chemicals

Additional considerations include: Mean concentration Mobility Frequency of detection Persistence in the environment Treatability

Consist of estimating the exposure to the chemicals by the populations potentially at risk.
Analyze how the contaminants might be released Estimate how it migrate to a potential receptor

Delineation of the sources & spatial distribution of contaminants at the site

Considerable attention:
Identification of general and sensitive

populations of current and potential receptors Estimation of both short- and long-term exposures in terms of doses by exposure route.

Environmental Pathways Consist of fate and transport analysis Pathway- the environmental routes by which chemicals from the site can reach receptors. Element:

Source Chemical release mechanism Transport mechanism Transfer mechanism Transformation mechanism Exposure point Receptors Exposure route

Contaminant Release, Transport, Transfer, and Transformation Release of contaminants result from natural processes. Important things to consider:
How they are transported, transferred and

transformed.

Potentially Exposed Populations To determine potentially exposed populations. Include:

Present population in vicinity of the site Future population in vicinity of the site

Subpopulations of special concern

Potential on-site workers during any

remediation

Development of Exposure Scenarios To characterize the conditions under which the populations may be potentially exposed. Involves an evaluation of both current and reasonable future uses of the site. Then, the specific parameters governing exposure can be selected. Commonly used exposure scenarios:

Worker scenario Trespasser scenario Residential use scenario Recreational use scenario Construction scenario

Exposure Point Concentrations

Exposure point-define the locations of the receptors for the various scenarios. May be as close as the sources of waste at the site itself or at a considerable distance, particularly for pathways involving the food chain.

Receptor Doses
To estimate the doses of the different chemicals of concern to which receptors are potentially exposed at the exposure point. Three routes are considered ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact. Three types of doses-the administered dose, the intake dose and target dose.

Receptor Doses Other factors: life style, frequency and duration of exposure, the body weight of the receptor.

I = Intake (mg/kg of body weight. day) C= concentration at exposure point (mg/L in water or mg/m3 in air) CR = Contact rate (L/day or m3/day) EF = exposure frequency (days/year) ED = exposure duration (years) BW = body weight (kg) AT = averaging time (days)

 Analyze

the uncertainty inherent in these numbers, and describe how this uncertainty may affect the estimates of risk.
the purpose of quantifying human health risk, chemicals are characterized as carcinogens and non-carcinogens.

For

To estimate risk Consist in part of calculating quantitative estimates of both the carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risk to receptors for all exposure scenarios considered. Background risk is what people are exposed to in the absence of the particular source of risk being studies Incremental risk - is that caused by this source.

 Carcinogenic

Risk Risk = Ic x SF

Where
Ic = chronic daily intake of carcinogen [mg/(kg.day)] SF = carcinogen slope factor [(kg.day)/mg]

Noncarcinogenic

Risk

HI = IN x RfC

Where
HI = hazard Index (dimensionless) IN = Chronic daily intake of noncarcinogen [mg/(kg.day)] RfC = references concentration [mg/(kg.day)]

It is important to keep in mind that risk assessment is an iterative process. An analysis of the sensitivity of the magnitude of calculated risk to these assumptions will indicate whether the risk analyst should revisit these assumptions and refine them. Additionally sampling may be required to fill data gaps or to present a more credible worst-case assessment.