I.V.

S INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT

A PRESENTATION

CRYOGENIC ENGINES

ON

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 Cryogenics
In physics, cryogenics is the study of the production of very low Temperature (below180 C, or 93.15 K) and the behavior of materials at those temperatures.. ETYMOLOGY Cryogenic originates from the Greek words kryos meaning

frost and genic meaning to produce , so meaning is the

generation of temperature well below the freezing point of water . The workers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology at Boulder, Colorado have chosen to consider the field of cryogenics as that involving temperatures below

180 C (93.15 K).

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CRYOGENIC ENGINES

Cryogenic engines are liquefied fuel engine mainly designed for

rockets in which fuel is stored at very low temperature or at

Cryogenic temperatures.

In the cryogenic engine main fuel used are hydrogen ,oxygen, nitrogen . These are known as cryogens .

All cryogenic engines work on expander cycle, gas generator cycle, or staged combustion cycle.
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Normal boiling points of some gases ,which are used for this purpose are as follows :

cryogens methane oxygen nitrogen

K 111.7 90.2 77.4

C -161.5 -183 -195.9 -252.9 -269.0 -273.15

R 201.1 162.4 139.3 36.5 7.6 0

F -258.6 -297.3 -320.4 423.2 -452.1 -459.67

hydrogen 20.2 helium Absolute zero

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4.2 0

Currently only India, Russia, U.S.A, Japan, France, China have mastered in the cryogenic rocket technology.

Vulcain engine

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 HISTORY OF CRYOGENIC ENGINES.

In the late 1800's Sir James Dewar

perfected a technique for Compressing and storage of gases from the atmosphere into liquids.
Sir James Dewar (1842-1923)

In 1892,he invented a silvered, double walled, glass vacuum Vessel to contain the cryogenic liquids for the first time, for relatively long periods ,before they evaporated.

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 His invention made possible to obtain significant reduction in the Heat flux (up to 6 times) .

(equipment) Vacuum Insulated stainless steel container for liquid nitrogen.

Dewar`s flask made of stainless steel

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This revolutionary step taken by James Dewar had provided the ground for the development & research work on cryogenics.

The combination of liquid Hydrogen and liquid oxygen was first used in the U.S. rocket Atlas centaur In 1961 (RL 10 Engine).

This led to the large-scale production of liquid hydrogen and the

Saturn series from 1963, the ESA Ariane series from 1975, the
NASA Space Shuttles from 1983 and others.

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 First operational cryogenic rocket engine RL-10 tested in 1959 and first flown in 1963.

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NEED OF DEVELOPMENT OF CRYOGENIC ENGINE

Cryogenic engines are mainly developed for rockets to put the liquid fuel rockets in existence . Insisting causes for the development of cryogenic engines are as follows: Solid fuels are heavy to carry.

Common mode of failure in solid rocket motors due to grain

characteristics are not allowed to occur in cryogenic engines.
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Another mode of failure in solid fuel rocket engine is casing seal

design.

Length of burn time also depends upon grain size.

The use of liquid fuel rocket engines was first considered by the German ,American and Soviet engineers discovered that rocket engine need high mass flow rate for both liquid oxidizer and fuel.

High thrust levels were achieved when liquid hydrogen and liquid hydrocarbon were as used as fuel.
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 At atmospheric condition oxygen and low molecular weight hydrocarbons are at gaseous state

To get desired mass flow rate these are stored in liquid form by cooling them down and hence the name cryogenic rocket engines.

The main fuel used are hydrogen, nitrogen, ,oxygen and these are known as cryogens.

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 Mainly liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen are used as fuel combination, because: both components are o Easily available and cheap o Bio friendly o Non toxic o Releases high entropy o Non -corrosive
gas Liquification temperature (K) 20 90 Density(kg/ m^3) 70 1140

Specific impulse(second)

hydrogen 450 oxygen

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HOW DOES THE CRYOGENIC ENGINE WORKS

There are three methods to produce cryogenic temperature.

1. Refrigeration
Temperature range : 0 to -20 F(-18 to -29C)

2.Pressure reduction
Temperature range : - 50 to 70F(-46 to 57C) J T valve is used.

3.Expansion
Temperature range : -100 to -150 F ( -73 to -100 C) It consists three main components a. expander
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b. compressor

c. A common shaft
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 WORKING OF CRYOGENIC ENGINE (Considering cryogen as

Nitrogen)

The cryogenic engine gets its name from the extremely cold

temperature at which liquid nitrogen is stored.

Air moving around the vehicle is used to heat liquid nitrogen to

boil. Once it boils, it turns to gas.

The liquid nitrogen, stored at -320 degrees Fahrenheit, is vaporized

by the heat exchanger.

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Nitrogen gas formed in the heat exchanger expands about 700 times
of the volume of it`s liquid form. This highly pressurized gas is then fed to expander ,where the force of nitrogen gas is converted into mechanical power. Major components used are :

a. Thrust chamber or combustion chamber

b. Pyrotechnic igniter and fuel injector c. Fuel turbo pumps and gas turbines d. Cryo valves, regulators and fuel tanks e. Rocket engine nozzle
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Cryo valve

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 PROS & CONS OF CRYOGENIC ENGINES

BENEFITS :
Liquid systems has the advantage of higher specific impulse. Cryogenic engines use non toxic fuels like, hydrogen , oxygen nitrogen etc.

Engine component s are also cooled to avoid boiling ,hence, durability & stability of parts increases. Heated nozzle is also cooled by using liquid fuels.

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 DISADVANTAGES

OF CRYOGENIC ENGINES

Cryogenic propellant can cause ice to form on the outside of the tank.

Cryogenic propellant such as liquid oxygen freezes the atmospheric water vapour into very hard crystal. Propellants used in liquid state can leak ,and possibly leading to the formation of an explosive mixture.

Fuel tanks tends to be bulky and require heavy insulation to store the propellant.
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 AREA OF APPLICATION

Mainly designed for rocket engines.

Ariane 5

Also used in military applications , like in missiles.

For the space missions , like landing on lunar surface.

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 INDIA IN CRYOGENIC ENGINE TECHNOLOGY

So far only a few countries such as U.S.A. , China , Japan and France have developed their cryogenic engines.

But now India is all set to join the elite club of nations which have developed their own cryogenic engines to catapult

satellites in to space.

GSLV D3 Cryogenic engine test photo

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Since 1991 India has been importing cryogenic engine from Russia. Need arose to launch the satellite through geo synchronous launch

vehicle (GSLV) .
ISRO began to work in1980s,when it tested a single element injector generating 60kg thrust. after that development of cryogenic engine was initiated in 1994. The first developed cryogenic engine is CE - 20 used in GSLV lll to

launch the GSAT-4 communication satellite at 36,000 km. altitude in

space .

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Specifications of Country of origin Date Designed by manufacturer application status propellant cycle CE -20 model Thrust (vacuum) Chamber pressure Specific impulse( vacuum) weight Engine mixture ratio Engine burn duration

CE-20 model
India 2010 ISRO LPSC Upper stage booster Under development LOX/LH2 Gas generator 200 KN 60 bar 443 second 588 kg. 5.05 595 second

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CRYOGENIC ENGINE : IN FUTURE

The next drive fluid used in cryogenic engine will be slush gas .

The university of Washington

is working on the project

Use of cryogenic heat engine in air powered car . The next upcoming generation of cryogenic rocket engine is common extensible cryogenic engine(CECE). CECE is a deep throttling rocket engine ,developing by NASA for safe landing of rockets on moon surface.

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Common extensible cryogenic engine or CECE is fueled by liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen chilled to sub zero temperature.

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REFRENCES:

Pdf file on cryogenic technology development for exploration missions Pdf on India hopes to join cryogenic rocket engine club January 2010 from www.indiaenews.com India `s national magazine from the publishers of the Hindu,volume18. article India`s cryogenic engine come of age from Good NewsIndia :: supplement magazine www.cryogenicsociety.org/resources/cryo_central/history_of_cryogeni c engine. www.wikipedia.com/cryogenic_rocket_engine.

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QUESTIONS ?

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