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Sexual reproduction is the process involving the fusion of haploid nuclei to form a diploid zygote and the production of genetically dissimilar offspring
HORMONES: male
Testosterone (testes) Development of male sexual secondary characteristics: - Penis and testes grow: produce sperm and testosterone - Facial hair develops - Changes to larynx: deeper voice - Hair grows on chest and in armpits - Pubic hair develops
HORMONES: female
Oestrogen and progesterone Development of male sexual secondary characteristics: - Ovaries grow- eggs develop and female hormones are released - Hair grows in armpits - Brests develop/increase in size - Hips broaden - Pubic hair grows - Vagina enlargens
Female hormones
OVARIES
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
PLACENTA
BIRTH
It begins when the strong muscles in the wall of the uterus start to contract. This is called labour. The wall of the cervix, gradually becomes wide enough for the baby to be pushed through. The wall of the vagina can stretch to allow the baby to be pushed through.
Birth
ANTE-NATAL CARE
Diet plenty of calcium: why? Diet plenty of extra iron: why? Diet with extra carbohydrates: why? Diet with extra protein: why? Continue to take exercise No smoking: why? Not too much alcohol or drugs. Avoid illnesses: rubella (deaf or other disabilities) AIDS: the virus HIV can cross the placenta
BIRTH CONTROL:methods
NATURAL abstinence
CHEMICAL contraceptive pill spermicide MECHANICAL condom diaphragm IUD SURGICAL vasectomy female sterilisation
ABSTINENCE (Natural)
Very effective method, as long as the pills are taken at the right time. However, unpleasant side-effects may be experienced. Women must have regular check-ups with the doctor. Safe method if used correctly. Helps to prevent the transfer of infection, such as gonorrhoea and HIV.
CONDOM ( mechanical)
Circular sheet of rubber placed over the cervix, at the top of the vagina. Sperm deposited in the vagina cannot get past the diaphragm into the uterus. Man: sperm ducts are cut or tied. Woman: the oviducts are cut or tied.
Effective method if used and fitted correctly. Fitting must be done by a doctor, but after that a woman can put her own diaphragm in and take it out as needed. Extremely sure with no side- effects. However, the tubes cannot be re-opened It is not a method for young people.
AIDS
GONORRHOEA
Microorganism
Bacteria (Neisseria) - Only survives in moist places, such as the tissues lining the tubes in the reproductive systems.
treatment
Antibiotics (penicillin) Always succesful.